Module 1: Introduction to Clinical Microbiology & Module 2

Question 1

Classification

Answer 1

How to determine taxonomic groups based on similiarities

Question 2

Nomenclature

Answer 2

How we name microorganisms

Question 3

Identification

Answer 3

How we put a new isolate into a group

Question 4

Microorganisms

Answer 4

Unicellular, less than 0.1 mm

Question 5

Eucaryotic

Answer 5

• Organisms have true nucleus
• Several Chromosomes
• Enclosed in a Nuclear Membrane

Question 6

Procaryotic

Answer 6

• Primitive Nucleus
• No nuclear membrane
• Single Chromosome

Question 7

Subspecies

Answer 7

Minor differences from the type strain, usually biochemical or serological characteristics that differ.

Question 8

Type Strain

Answer 8

Reference specimen of the species

Question 9

Biotype (Biovar)

Answer 9

Subspecies distinguished by biochemical properties

Question 10

Serotype (Serovar)

Answer 10

Subspecies distinguished by serological or antigenic properties.

Question 11

Bacterial Cellular Morphology

Answer 11

Morphological characteristics seen on a stained slide under the microscope

Question 12

Tetrads

Answer 12

Cells divide on two planes and 4 adhere together.

Question 13

Sarcinae

Answer 13

Cells divide in 3 planes and at right angles to form cubes of 8 cells together

Question 14

Palisades

Answer 14

Bacteria slip together and form sheets with bacteria lying on top of each other after dividing

Question 15

Acute Angles

Answer 15

Bacteria snap back at the point of division

Question 16

Cocci

Answer 16

Ex. Staphylococcus

Round, oval shaped bacteria.

Question 17

Rods (Bacilli)

Answer 17

Bacteria length is longer than width.

Ex. Salmonella

Question 18

Spirilla

Answer 18

Vary in shape from slightly curved rods to tight corkscrews

Ex. Treponema

Question 19

Chaining

Answer 19

Bacteria adhere to each other along one plane

Question 20

Involution Forms

Answer 20

Dead or degenerating bacteria

Question 21

Bacterial Colony

Answer 21

• a single bacterium
• divides and all of the daughter bacteria remain together in a visible cluster
• can be seen with the naked eye on agar plates

Question 22

Cellular Morphology

Answer 22

Microscopic appearance of bacteria on a gram stained slide, need a microscope to see

Question 23

Colonial Morphology

Answer 23

Macroscopic appearance of bacteria on agar plates. Includes color, consistency, hemolysis, size, colony edge appearance.

Question 24

Plate Media

Answer 24

• semi solid media inoculated with bacteria

- incubated 1-2 days and read for spreading growth

Question 25

Tube Media

Answer 25

- test tube of media is inoculated half way down with bacteria - incubated 1-2 days and read

Question 26

Bacterial Capsules

Answer 26

An outer Viscous layer excreted by some bacteria

Question 27

Capsule

Answer 27

Organized and firmly attached to cell wall

Question 28

Slime Layer

Answer 28

Unorganized and loosely attached to cell wall

Question 29

Phagocytosis

Answer 29

Organisms can’t be engulfed by body defence cells

Question 30

Virulence

Answer 30

Better able to invade and get established in host

Question 31

Protective Layer

Answer 31

For bacterial cells: allows bacteria to adhere to host surfaces.

Question 32

Cell Wall

Answer 32

Rigid structure outside of plasma membrane, which gives bacterial cells their shape and protects inner contents.

Question 33

Peptidoglycan

Answer 33

Strengthening substance of bacterial cell wall

Question 34

Protoplast

Answer 34

Gram positive cell that has lost its cell wall

Question 35

Spheroplast

Answer 35

Gram negative cell with some outer cell wall still attached

Question 36

Hypotonic Solution

Answer 36

- water moves into cell causing rupture or lysis | - lower water concentration/higher salt concentration inside cell than outside

Question 37

Hypertonic Solution

Answer 37

- water leaves cell causing shrinkage | - higher water concentration in cell than outside

Question 38

Isotonic Solution

Answer 38

- 0.85% saline (NaCl), same concentration as bacterial cells - no water movement into or out of bacterial cells

Question 39

Fixation

Answer 39

Process of adhering clinical specimen to a glass slide

Question 40

Fimbriae

Answer 40

Non-flagellar, hair-like projections on gram positive and negative cells

Question 41

Pili

Answer 41

- transfer of genetic material between bacterial cells | - Longer than fimbriae

Question 42

Diffusion

Answer 42

Passive movement from high to low concentration

Question 43

Osmosis

Answer 43

Passive movement of water

Question 44

Facilitated Diffusion

Answer 44

Carrier enzymes aid in passive movement from high to low concentration

Question 45

Permeases

Answer 45

Carrier enzymes in cell membrane that aid in transfer of material across membrane

Question 46

Active Transport

Answer 46

Requires energy to transport material from low to high concentration

Question 47

Spores (Endospores)

Answer 47

-formed when nutrients are low or depleted as a survival technique -found only in gram positive rods