Module 1: Introduction To Microbiology Lecture Flashcards by Eros Stear

Study of microscopic organisms, those being
– unicellular (single cell)
– multicellular (cell colony)
– acellular (lacking cells)

MICROBIOLOGY

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• Reported that life’s smallest structural units were “little boxes” or “cells” that he was able to see using his improved version of a compound microscope

ROBERT HOOKE

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• 1665: Hooke’s discovery marked the beginning of the “cell theory” stating that all living things are composed of cells

ROBERT HOOKE

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• Probably the first person to actually observe live microorganisms which he called as “animalcules” through his simple, single-lens microscope

ANTON VAN LEEUWENHOEK

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• 1673: His contribution led him to be recognized as the “father of microbiology”

ANTON VAN LEEUWENHOEK

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Create a life from non living organisms

THEORY OF ABIOGENESIS

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THE DEBATE OVER SPONTANEOUS GENERATION
“THEORY OF ABIOGENESIS”
- maggots experiment

FRANCESCO REDI

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THE DEBATE OVER SPONTANEOUS GENERATION
“THEORY OF ABIOGENESIS”
Microorganisms could arise spontaneously
from heated nutrient broth

JOHN NEEDHAM’S EXPERIMENT

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THE DEBATE OVER SPONTANEOUS GENERATION
“THEORY OF ABIOGENESIS”
Yes to spontaneous generation

JOHN NEEDHAM

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THE DEBATE OVER SPONTANEOUS GENERATION
“THEORY OF ABIOGENESIS”
• 1745: vital force is necessary for spontaneous generation to occur

JOHN NEEDHAM

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THE DEBATE OVER SPONTANEOUS GENERATION
“THEORY OF ABIOGENESIS”
• Repeated Needham’s experiment and suggested that the results of Needham’s experiment was due to air entering the flask

LAZARRO SPALLANZANI

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life can only come from life

CONCEPT OF BIOGENESIS

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cells can only come from other cells

CONCEPT OF BIOGENESIS

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THE DEBATE OVER SPONTANEOUS GENERATION
“CONCEPT OF BIOGENESIS”
• Demonstrated that microorganisms are
everywhere

LOUIS PASTEUR

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THE DEBATE OVER SPONTANEOUS GENERATION
“CONCEPT OF BIOGENESIS”
• Offered proof for biogenesis using swan neck experiment

LOUIS PASTEUR

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THE DEBATE OVER SPONTANEOUS GENERATION
“CONCEPT OF BIOGENESIS”
• Contributions (1861):
–
–
–

LOUIS PASTEUR

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THE DEBATE OVER SPONTANEOUS GENERATION
“CONCEPT OF BIOGENESIS”
Swan neck experiment

LOUIS PASTEUR

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• 1857 – 1914: Rapid advancements in the field of microbiology

GOLDEN AGE OF MICROBIOLOGY

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• fermentation
– Sugar + Yeast → alcohol and carbon dioxide (CO2) → acetic acid

GOLDEN AGE OF MICROBIOLOGY

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Pasteurization
– Heating process that kills bacteria present in some alcoholic beverages and milk

GOLDEN AGE OF MICROBIOLOGY

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– Sugar + Yeast → alcohol and carbon dioxide (CO2) → acetic acid

FERMENTATION

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– Heating process that kills bacteria present in some alcoholic beverages and milk

PASTEURIZATION

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• Agostino Bassi (1835) and Pasteur (1865) showed a casual relationship between microorganisms and disease through the GERM THEORY OF DISEASE

GERM THEORY OF DISEASE

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• Disease is caused by a specific microorganism

GERM THEORY OF DISEASE

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caused by a specific microorganism

DISEASE

GERM THEORY OF DISEASE Introduced the use of phenol or carboxylic acid as a disinfectant to clean surgical dressings

JOHN LISTER (1860)

GERM THEORY OF DISEASE Introduced koch’s postulates

ROBERT KOCH (1876)

GERM THEORY OF DISEASE 1. The microorganism must be present in every case of the disease but absent from healthy individuals. 2. The suspected microorganism must be isolated and grown in a pure culture. 3. The disease patient must present all the signs and symptoms when the microorganism is present. 4. The same microorganism must be isolated again from the diseased host.

ROBERT KOCH

Responsible for a certain disease

MICROORGANISM

• Imparts immunity, a resistance to a particular disease, via inoculation with a vaccine

VACCINATION

• Edward Jenner (1798): Demonstrated inoculation with cowpox to provide humans with immunity from small pox

VACCINATION

Demonstrated inoculation with cowpox to provide humans with immunity from small pox

EDWARD JENNER (1798)

• Louis Pasteur (1880): Coined the word “vaccine” by discovering avirulent bacteria used for fowl cholera

VACCINATION

Coined the word “vaccine” by discovering avirulent bacteria used for fowl cholera

LOUIS PASTEUR (1880)

• Modern vaccines are prepared from: – living avirulent microorganisms – Killed pathogens – Isolated components of pathogens – Recombinant DNA techniques

VACCINATION

• Introduced the practice of “handwashing ” using chlorinated lime among personnel to prevent the spread of infection

IGNAZ SEMMELWEIS

• Introduced tyndallization or fractional distillation – Eradicates bacterial spores

JOHN TYNDALL

Chemical treatment of a disease

CHEMOTHERAPHY

• “magic bullet principle” - drug will only target bacteria

CHEMOTHERAPHY

CHEMOTHERAPY • Types of Chemotherapeutic Agents

SYNTHETIC DRUGS ANTIBIOTICS

CHEMOTHERAPHY prepared in the laboratory

SYNTHETIC DRUGS

CHEMOTHERAPY substances produced naturally by bacteria and fungi to inhibit the growth of other microorganisms

ANTIBIOTICS

MODERN CHEMOTHERAPY Bacillus - tyrocidine - gramicidin

RENE DUBOS

MODERN CHEMOTHERAPY - salvarsari - arsphenamine - compound 606

PAUL EHRLICH

MODERN CHEMOTHERAPY Arsenic 606

COMPOUND 606

MODERN CHEMOTHERAPY Observe penicillium

SIR ALEXANDER FLEMING

MODERN CHEMOTHERAPY Studied pharmacological action of penicillin

ERNST BORIS CHAIN and SIR HOWARD WALTER FLOREY

MODERN CHEMOTHERAPY inhibited growth of bacteria

PENICILLIN

MODERN MICROBIOLOGY

• Rebecca Lancefield • Dmitri Iwanowski • Wendell Stanley

MODERN MICROBIOLOGY Classified streptococci basis cell walls

REBECCA LANCEFIELD

MODERN MICROBIOLOGY phasic disease of tobacco was caused by virus (very small)

DIMITRI IWANOWSKI

MODERN MICROBIOLOGY viral structure chemistry

WENDELL STANLEY

MODERN MICROBIOLOGY: RECOMBINANT DNA TECHNOLOGY

GEORGE BEADLE and EDWARD TATUM OSWALD AVERY, COLIN MACLEOD, and MACLYN McCARTY JOSHUA LEDERBERG and EDWARD TATUM JAMES WATSON and FRANCIS CRICK FRANÇOIS JACOB and JACQUES MONOD PAUL BERG

MODERN MICROBIOLOGY: RECOMBINANT DNA TECHNOLOGY Genes and enzymes

GEORGE BEADLE AND EDWARD TATUM

MODERN MICROBIOLOGY: RECOMBINANT DNA TECHNOLOGY DNA - hereditary material

OSWALD AVERY, COLIN MACLEOD, and MACLYN McCARTY

MODERN MICROBIOLOGY: RECOMBINANT DNA TECHNOLOGY Conjugation

JOSHUA LEDERBERG and EDWARD TATUM

MODERN MICROBIOLOGY: RECOMBINANT DNA TECHNOLOGY double DNA

JAMES WATSON and FRANCIS CRICK

MODERN MICROBIOLOGY: RECOMBINANT DNA TECHNOLOGY mRNA

FRANÇOIS JACOB and JACQUES MONOD

MODERN MICROBIOLOGY: RECOMBINANT DNA TECHNOLOGY recombinant dna technology

PAUL BERG

AKA: microbes/mo

MICROORGANISMS

• Small organisms that cannot be seen by the naked eye

MICROORGANISMS

May be: – prokaryotic or eukaryotic – Unicellular, Multicellular or Acellular

MICROORGANISMS

Types of Microorganisms

• Bacteria • Fungi • Algae • Viruses • Protozoa • Helminths

- true Nucleus - has nuclear membrane - linear genes - cytoplasm - 80svedberg units (ribosomes) - mitochondria - lysosomes - chlorophyll - phytosterol cell membrane - cell wall ( fungi & plants)

EUKARYOTIC

- nucleiod - circular genes - has cytoplasm - 70s (ribosomes) - chlorophyll - except mycoplasma (cell membrane) - bacteria c-peptidoglycan (cell wall) - flagella - pili - capsule

PROKARYOTIC

CELL WALL fungi

CHITIN

CELL WALL plants

CELLULOSE

CELL MEMBRANE plant

PHYTOSTEROL

CELL MEMBRANE animal

CHOLESTEROL

CELL MEMBRANE fungi

ERGOSTEROL

BACTERIAL SHAPES

COCCI BACILLI SPIROCHETES PLEOMORPHIC

BACTERIAL SHAPES ROUND (berry) shaped bacteria

COCCI

BACTERIAL SHAPES ROD (little staff) shaped bacteria

BACILLI

BACTERIAL SHAPES SPIRAL shaped bacteria

SPIROCHETES

BACTERIAL SHAPES VARIABLE (plasticity) shaped bacteria

PLEOMORPHIC

BACTERIAL SHAPES Sphere-shaped

COCCI

BACTERIAL SHAPES rod shaped

BACILLI

BACTERIAL SHAPES spiral shaped

SPIROCHETES

BACTERIAL ARRANGEMENT

DIPLO STREP STAPH

BACTERIAL ARRANGEMENT bacteria in PAIRS

DIPLO

BACTERIAL ARRANGEMENT bacteria in CHAINS

STREP

BACTERIAL ARRANGEMENT bacteria in CLUSTERS (grapelike)

STAPH

PARTS OF A BACTERIA Structures External to the Cell Wall

• Glycocalyx • Flagella • Axial Filaments • Fimbriae and Pili • Cell Wall

PARTS OF A BACTERIA Structures Internal to the Cell Wall

• Cell membrane • Cytoplasm • Nucleoid • Ribosomes • Endospores

PARTS OF A BACTERIA Structures Internal to the Cell Wall • Extracellular polymer covering the entire bacterium and is composed of polysaccharides

GLYCOCALYX/CAPSULE/SLIME LAYER

PARTS OF A BACTERIA Structures Internal to the Cell Wall - the polysaccharide-containing material outside the cell

GLYCOCALYX

PARTS OF A BACTERIA Structures Internal to the Cell Wall - condensed, well-defined layer closely surrounding the cell that excludes particles

CAPSULE

PARTS OF A BACTERIA Structures Internal to the Cell Wall – glycocalyx that is loosely associated with the cell and does not exclude particles

SLIME LAYER

PARTS OF A BACTERIA Structures Internal to the Cell Wall • FUNCTIONS – Virulence factor (capsule) – Specific identification for an organism – Used as antigens in certain vaccines – Adherence of bacteria to human tissues (glycocalyx/slime layer)

GLYCOCALYX/CAPSULE/SLIME LAYER

PARTS OF A BACTERIA Structures Internal to the Cell Wall • Long, threadlike appendages

FLAGELLA

PARTS OF A BACTERIA Structures External to the Cell Wall • Used for locomotion or movement, called chemotaxis “movement of cell —> chemical stimulus”

FLAGELLA

PARTS OF A BACTERIA Structures Internal to the Cell Wall • Made up of proteins called “Flagellus”

FLAGELLA

PARTS OF A BACTERIA Structures Internal to the Cell Wall • Highly antigenic (H-proteins)

FLAGELLA

PARTS OF A BACTERIA Structures Internal to the Cell Wall FLAGELLA TYPES

MONOTRICHOUS (1) AMPHITRICHOUS (2) IOPHOTRICHOUS (4) PERITRICHOUS (many)

PARTS OF A BACTERIA Structures Internal to the Cell Wall • Rigid, shorter and hairlike filaments

FIMBRIAE

PARTS OF A BACTERIA Structures Internal to the Cell Wall used for adhesion

FIMBRIAE

PARTS OF A BACTERIA Structures Internal to the Cell Wall • Made up of proteins called “PILIN”

PILI

PARTS OF A BACTERIA Structures Internal to the Cell Wall • Antigenic (colonization antigens)

PILI

PARTS OF A BACTERIA Structures Internal to the Cell Wall • Functions: – Ordinary pili for adherence to host cells – Sex pilus for attachment during conjugation process

PILI

- fertility cell - responsible for creating sex pilus

F PLASMID

PARTS OF A BACTERIA Structures External to the Cell Wall • Outermost component common to all bacteria

CELL WALL

PARTS OF A BACTERIA Structures External to the Cell Wall • Multi-layered structure located external to the cytoplasmic membrane

CELL WALL

PARTS OF A BACTERIA Structures External to the Cell Wall • Components: – Inner layer of peptidoglycan (peptidoglycan) – Outer membrane

CELL WALL

AKA: mucopeptide or murein

PEPTIDOGLYCAN LAYER

• Complex, interwoven network that surrounds the entire cell

PEPTIDOGLYCAN LAYER

• Composition: Backbone, tetrapeptide side chains and peptide cross-bridges

PEPTIDOGLYCAN LAYER

• Functions: – Provides rigid support for the cell – Maintains shape of the cell – Withstands media of low osmotic pressure

PEPTIDOGLYCAN LAYER

• thick peptidoglycan layer

GRAM POSITIVE

Gram positive Components:

Teichoic acid Teichuronic acid Polysaccharides

GRAM POSITIVE – Polymers containing glycerophosphate or ribitol phosphate;

TEICHOIC ACID

GRAM POSITIVE – Acts major surface antigens

TEICHOIC ACID

GRAM POSITIVE – Polymer containing sugar acids

TEICHURONIC ACID

GRAM POSITIVE – Substitute for teichoic acid

TEICHURONIC ACID

• thin peptidoglycan layer

GRAM NEGATIVE

Gram negative Components:

• COMPLEX LAYER OF LIPOPROTEIN • OUTER MEMBRANE • LIPOPOLYSACCHARIDE • PERIPLASMIC SPACE • PORINS

GRAM NEGATIVE – Essentially an endotoxin (within bacterial cell)

LIPOPOLYSACCHARIDE

GRAM NEGATIVE – Components: Lipid A is the toxic component + core polysaccharide

LIPOPOLYSACCHARIDE

GRAM NEGATIVE – Space between outer membrane and cell membrane

PERIPLASMIC SPACE

GRAM NEGATIVE – Regulates the passage of small, hydrophilic molecules into the cell - Anti microbial

PORINS

GRAM NEGATIVE – Regulates the passage of small, hydrophilic molecules into the cell - Anti microbial

PORINS

PARTS OF A BACTERIA Structures External to the Cell Wall AKA: plasma membrane or cell membrane

CYTOPLASMIC MEMBRANE

PARTS OF A BACTERIA Structures External to the Cell Wall • Composed of a phospholipid bilayer that do not contain sterols

CYTOPLASMIC MEMBRANE

PARTS OF A BACTERIA Structures External to the Cell Wall Functions: • Selective permeability and transport of solutes • Energy generation through electron transport and oxidative phosphorylation • Excretion of hydrolytic exoenzymes • Synthesis of precursors of the cell wall • Bearing of receptors and other proteins for chemotactic and sensory transduction systems

CYTOPLASMIC MEMBRANE

• Invagination of the plasma membrane

MESOSOME

• Plays an important role in cell division – Origin of the transverse septum that divides the cell in half – Binding site of DNA that will become the genetic material of each daughter cell

MESOSOME

• Plays an important role in cell division – Origin of the transverse septum that divides the cell in half – Binding site of DNA that will become the genetic material of each daughter cell

MESOSOME

PARTS OF A BACTERIA Structures External to the Cell Wall Two distinct areas of cytoplasm

AMORPHOUS MATRIX INNER NUCLEOID REGION

PARTS OF A BACTERIA Structures External to the Cell Wall containing ribosomes, nutrient granules, metabolites and plasmids

AMORPHOUS MATRIX

PARTS OF A BACTERIA Structures External to the Cell Wall containing DNA

INNER NUCLEOID REGION

PARTS OF A BACTERIA Structures External to the Cell Wall • Two distinct areas: – amorphous matrix containing ribosomes, nutrient granules, metabolites and plasmids – inner nucleoid region containing DNA

CYTOPLASM

PARTS OF A BACTERIA Structures internal to the Cell Wall • Two distinct areas: – amorphous matrix containing ribosomes, nutrient granules, metabolites and plasmids – inner nucleoid region containing DNA

CYTOPLASM

PARTS OF A BACTERIA Structures External to the Cell Wall • Area in the cytoplasm which contains DNA

NUCLEOID

PARTS OF A BACTERIA Structures External to the Cell Wall • Positive for fuelgen stain

NUCLEOID

PARTS OF A BACTERIA Structures External to the Cell Wall • ABSENT: Nuclear membrane and mitotic apparatus

NUCLEOID

PARTS OF A BACTERIA Structures External to the Cell Wall • Circular • Prokaryotic cells are haploid

NUCLEOID

PARTS OF A BACTERIA Structures External to the Cell Wall • Extrachromosomal, double stranded circular DNA molecules

PLASMIDS

PARTS OF A BACTERIA Structures External to the Cell Wall • Replicates independently of the bacterial chromosome

PLASMIDS

PARTS OF A BACTERIA Structures External to the Cell Wall • Integrated in bacterial chromosomes

PLASMIDS

PARTS OF A BACTERIA Structures External to the Cell Wall MOST IMPORTANT PLASMIDS

F-plasmid R-plasmid

PARTS OF A BACTERIA Structures External to the Cell Wall plasmid (F-plasmid)

FERTILITY PLASMID

PARTS OF A BACTERIA Structures External to the Cell Wall plasmid (R-plasmid)

RESISTANCE

PARTS OF A BACTERIA Structures External to the Cell Wall plasmid (R-plasmid)

RESISTANCE

PARTS OF A BACTERIA Structures External to the Cell Wall • Sites of protein synthesis

RIBOSOMES

PARTS OF A BACTERIA Structures External to the Cell Wall size: 70s

RIBOSOMES

PARTS OF A BACTERIA Structures External to the Cell Wall • Serve as storage areas for nutirents

GRANULES

PARTS OF A BACTERIA Structures External to the Cell Wall • Example: – volutin or metachromatic granules, a reserve of high energy in the form of polymerized metaphosphate

GRANULES

PARTS OF A BACTERIA Structures External to the Cell Wall AKA: jumping genes

TRANSPOSONS

PARTS OF A BACTERIA Structures External to the Cell Wall • Pieces of DNA that move readily from one site to another – Within or between bacterial DNA – Plasmids – Bacteriophages

TRANSPOSONS

PARTS OF A BACTERIA Structures External to the Cell Wall • Functions: – Codes for drug resistance enzymes, toxins or other metabolic enzymes

TRANSPOSONS

PARTS OF A BACTERIA Structures External to the Cell Wall – Causes mutations in the gene in where they insert

TRANSPOSONS

PARTS OF A BACTERIA Structures External to the Cell Wall • dormant and highly resistant structures formed in response to adverse conditions

ENDOSPORES

PARTS OF A BACTERIA Structures External to the Cell Wall • Possess a remarkable resistance to: – Heat – Dehydration – Radiation – Chemicals (Due to: dipicalinic acid)

ENDOSPORES

Modern chemotheraphy

Paul ehrlich Alexander Fleming Ernst Boris chain Howard Walter Florey

Modern microbiology

Rebecca lancefield Dimitri iwanowski Wendell Stanley

Module 1: Introduction To Microbiology Lecture Flashcards

(154 cards)