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MICROBIOLOGY > Module 2: Growth And Cultivation Of Microorganisms > Flashcards

Module 2: Growth And Cultivation Of Microorganisms Flashcards

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1
Q

Bacteria reproduce in an asexual manner called

A

BINARY FISSION

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2
Q

Bacteria reproduce in an asexual manner
called binary fission

A

BACTERIAL REPRODUCTION

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3
Q

Bacterial reproduction grows ____________
or
______________

A

EXPONENTIALLY & LOGARITHMIC

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4
Q

Time required for the cell to divide
and for its population to double

A

GENERATION TIME

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5
Q

GENERATION TIME
TIME (HOURS:MIN)
0

A

NO. OF CELLS
1

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6
Q

GENERATION TIME
TIME (HOURS:MIN)
0:20

A

NO. OF CELLS
2

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7
Q

GENERATION TIME
TIME (HOURS:MIN)
0:40

A

40

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8
Q

Phases of Bacterial Growth

A

LAG
LOG
STATIONARY
DEATH

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9
Q

PHASES OF BACTERIAL GROWTH
Little or no cell division

A

LAG PHASE

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10
Q

PHASES OF BACTERIAL GROWTH
Cells maybe:
– Growing in volume or size
– Synthesizing enzymes and proteins
– Increasing metabolic activity

A

LAG PHASE

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11
Q

PHASES OF BACTERIAL GROWTH
AKA: Exponential/ geometric growth phase

A

LOG PHASE

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12
Q

PHASES OF BACTERIAL GROWTH
Cells begin to divide, enters a period of
growth or logarithmic increase

A

LOG PHASE

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13
Q

PHASES OF BACTERIAL GROWTH
Cellular reproduction is most active

A

LOG PHASE

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14
Q

PHASES OF BACTERIAL GROWTH
Generation time reaches a constant minimum

A

LOG PHASE

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15
Q

PHASES OF BACTERIAL GROWTH
• Exponential growth CANNOT continue
forever due to the following reasons:
– Exhaustion of nutrients
– Accumulation of inhibitory metabolites
– Lack of biological space

A

LOG PHASE

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16
Q

PHASES OF BACTERIAL GROWTH
• Growth slows down due to depletion of Viable
nutrients and formation of Toxic products

A

STATIONARY PHASE

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17
Q

PHASES OF BACTERIAL GROWTH
• Number of new cells equals
number of cells that die, thus resulting in a steady state

A

STATIONARY PHASE

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18
Q

PHASES OF BACTERIAL GROWTH
AKA: death phase

A

DECLINE PHASE

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19
Q

PHASES OF BACTERIAL GROWTH
• Exponential decrease in the number of bacteria

A

DECLINE PHASE

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20
Q

• Process of propagating microorganisms by providing the proper environmental conditions

A

CULTIVATION

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21
Q

• Requires:
– elements
– nutrients
– metabolic energy

A

CULTIVATION

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22
Q

• Factors to be controlled:
– Nutrients
– pH
– Temperature
– Aeration
– Salt concentration
– Ionic strength of the medium

A

CULTIVATION

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23
Q

Cultivation Factors to be controlled:

A

– Nutrients
– pH
– Temperature
– Aeration
– Salt concentration
– Ionic strength of the medium

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24
Q

Sources of Metabolic Energy

A

• Fermentation
• Respiration
• Photosynthesis

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25
• Characterized by substrate phosphorylation
FERMENTATION
26
Addition of phosphorus
SUBSTRATE PHOSPHORYLATION
27
• Requires an oxidant, often times gaseous oxygen – Alternatives: Carbon dioxide, sulfate and nitrate
RESPIRATION
28
– Alternatives: Carbon dioxide, sulfate and nitrate
RESPIRATION
29
• Chemical reduction of an oxidant (e acceptor) through a specific series of electron carriers in the membrane
RESPIRATION
30
• Reductant (e donor) – Maybe organic or inorganic – For some organisms it can be lactic acid or hydrogen gas
RESPIRATION
31
• Similar to respiration
PHOTOSYNTHESIS
32
• Chemical reduction of an oxidant via a specific series of electron carriers • Difference: Reductant and oxidant are created photochemically
PHOTOSYNTHESIS
33
• Carbon • Nitrogen, Sulfur, Phosphorous • Mineral sources • Growth factors
CHEMICAL REQUIREMENTS
34
CHEMICAL REQUIREMENTS
• Carbon • Nitrogen, Sulfur, Phosphorous • Mineral sources • Growth factors
35
CHEMICAL REQUIREMENTS • Obtained from organic materials such as proteins, carbohydrates and lipids
CARBON
36
CHEMICAL REQUIREMENTS • Forms amino groups of the amino acids of protein
NITROGEN
37
CHEMICAL REQUIREMENTS • Most microorganisms assimilate nitrogen in the form of ammonia through membrane diffusion
NITROGEN
38
CHEMICAL REQUIREMENTS • Source: Nitrate, nitrite, ammonium, amine and amino acids
NITROGEN
39
CHEMICAL REQUIREMENTS • Component of several coenzymes and found in the cysteinyl and methionyl side chains of proteins
SULFUR
40
CHEMICAL REQUIREMENTS • Source: Sulfate and hydrogen sulfide
SULFUR
41
CHEMICAL REQUIREMENTS • (in the form of phosphate) component of: – ATP – Nucleic acids – Coenzymes like (NAD, NADP) – Flavins
PHOSPHORUS
42
CHEMICAL REQUIREMENTS • Requires phosphorylation – Metabolites – Phospholipids, lipid A – Teichoic acid – Capsular polysaccharides – Proteins
PHOSPHORUS
43
Mineral Sources
MAGNESIUM ION FERROUS IRON MAGNESIUM & IRON CALCIUM SODIUM Mn+2, Mo+2, Co+2, Cu+2, Zn+2
44
MAGNESIUM ION FERROUS IRON MAGNESIUM & IRON CALCIUM SODIUM other minerals: Mn+2, Mo+2, Co+2, Cu+2, Zn+2
MINERAL SOURCES
45
MINERAL SOURCES Found in chlorophyll molecules
MAGNESIUM ION
46
MINERAL SOURCES Part of the coenzyme of cytochromes and peroxidases
FERROUS IRON
47
MINERAL SOURCES Function and integrity of ribosomes
MAGNESIUM & IRON
48
MINERAL SOURCES Required constituent of gram-positive cell walls
CALCIUM
49
MINERAL SOURCES Required for the growth of marine organisms
SODIUM
50
Nutritional Types of Prokaryotes
PHOTOAUTOTROPHS PHOTOHETEROTROPHS CHEMOAUTOTROPHS OR LITHOTROPHS CHEMOHETEROTROPHS OR HETEROTROPHS
51
NUTRITIONAL TYPES OF PROKARYOTES ENERGY SOURCE: light CARBON SOURCE: carbon dioxide
PHOTOAUTOTROPHS
52
NUTRITIONAL TYPES OF PROKARYOTES ENERGY SOURCE: light
PHOTOHETEROTROPHS
53
NUTRITIONAL TYPES OF PROKARYOTES ENERGY SOURCE: inorganic compounds
CHEMOAUTOTROPHS OR LITOTROPHS
54
NUTRITIONAL TYPES OF PROKARYOTES ENERGY SOURCE: organic compounds
CHEMOHETEROTROPHS OR HETEROTROPHS
55
• Temperature • pH • Gaseous Requirements • Osmotic Pressure
PHYSICAL REQUIREMENTS
56
PHYSICAL REQUIREMENTS TEMPERATURE -15C to -20C (cold loving)
PSYCHROPHILES
57
PHYSICAL REQUIREMENTS TEMPERATURE 0C (food spoilage)
PSYCHOTROPHS
58
PHYSICAL REQUIREMENTS TEMPERATURE 30C to 37C (cause disease)
MESOPHILES
59
PHYSICAL REQUIREMENTS TEMPERATURE 50C to 60C
THERMOPHILES
60
PHYSICAL REQUIREMENTS TEMPERATURE 100C to above
HYPERTHERMOPHILES
61
PHYSICAL REQUIREMENTS pH - pH 3 (acid)
ACIDOPHILE
62
PHYSICAL REQUIREMENTS pH -pH 6-8 (Basophile)
NEUTROPHILE
63
PHYSICAL REQUIREMENTS pH - pH 10.5
ALKALIPHILE
64
PHYSICAL REQUIREMENTS pH - pH 10.5
ALKALIPHILE
65
• For most organisms, oxygen enhances metabolism and growth
GASEOUS REQUIREMENTS
66
• Oxygen generates two toxic substances: (for bacterias) – H2O2 - Hydrogen peroxide – Superoxide radical
GASEOUS REQUIREMENTS
67
• Oxygen generates two toxic substances:
– H2O2 - Hydrogen peroxide – Superoxide radical
68
• Some microorganisms produce: – Superoxide dismutase (SOD) – Catalase
GASEOUS REQUIREMENTS
69
GASEOUS REQUIREMENTS Only aerobic growth; oxygen required
OBLIGATE AEROBES
70
GASEOUS REQUIREMENTS - both aerobic and anaerobic growth; greater growth in presence of oxygen
FACULTATIVE ANAEROBES
71
GASEOUS REQUIREMENTS Only anaerobic growth; growth ceases in presence of oxygen.
OBLIGATE ANAEROBES
72
GASEOUS REQUIREMENTS Only anaerobic growth; but growth continues in presence of oxygen
AEROTOLERANT ANAEROBES
73
GASEOUS REQUIREMENTS Only aerobic growth; oxygen required in low concentration
MICROAEROPHILES
74
GROWTH PATTERNS growth occurs only where high concentrations of oxygen have diffused into the medium
OBLIGATE AEROBES
75
GROWTH PATTERNS growth is best where most oxygen is present, but occurs throughout tube
FACULTATIVE ANAEROBES
76
GROWTH PATTERNS growth occurs only where there is no oxygen
OBLIGATE ANAEROBES
77
GROWTH PATTERNS growth occurs evenly; oxygen has no effect
AEROTOLERANT ANAEROBES
78
GROWTH PATTERNS growth occurs only where a low concentration of oxygen has diffused into medium
MICROAEROPHILES
79
5-10% CO2
CAPNEIC CAPNOPHILES
80
OSMOTIC PRESSURE organisms that require high salt concentration
HALOPHILES
81
OSMOTIC PRESSURE organisms that require high osmotic pressure
OSMOPHILES
82
Bacterial reproduction grows exponentially or logarithmic
BACTERIAL REPRODUCTION
83
Bacterial reproduction grows exponentially or logarithmic
BACTERIAL REPRODUCTION
84
PHASES OF BACTERIAL GROWTH Population remains unchanged
LAG PHASE
85
PHASES OF BACTERIAL GROWTH • Irreversible loss of the ability to reproduce
DECLINE PHASE
86
• Formation of ATP in fermentation is not coupled by the transfer of electrons
FERMENTATION
87
• Difference: Reductant and oxidant are created photochemically
PHOTOSYNTHESIS
88
CHEMICAL REQUIREMENTS • May also be derived from CO2
CARBON
89
NUTRITIONAL TYPES OF PROKARYOTES CARBON SOURCE: carbon dioxide
PHOTOAUTOTROPHS
90
NUTRITIONAL TYPES OF PROKARYOTES CARBON SOURCE: organic compunds
PHOTOHETEROTROPHS
91
NUTRITIONAL TYPES OF PROKARYOTES CARBON SOURCE: carbon dioxide
CHEMIAUTOTROPHS OR LITHOTROPHS
92
NUTRITIONAL TYPES OF PROKARYOTES CARBON SOURCE: organic compounds
CHEMOHETEROTROPHS OR HETEROTROPHS

MICROBIOLOGY (4 decks)

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