MODULE 3: Lecture Flashcards by Eros Stear

• Response of the body to the presence of a
substance not recognized as a body
constituent (Ex. Bacteria, virus, fungi)

IMMUNE RESPONSE

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• Substance or part of a foreign substance
that is identified by the immune system that
illicit an immune response

antigen

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PROTEIN produced by the immune system
that recognizes ANTIGENS

antibody
6

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• Physiological barriers
• Innate Immunologic Mechanisms
– Microbial Sensors
– Phagocytic cells
– Inflammatory response
– Fever
– Interferons
– Natural Killer (NK) Cells
– Complement System

Innate Immunity

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Microbial Sensors
3 MAJOR CLASSES

Toll-Like Receptors (TLRs)
Nucleotide Oligomerization Domain (NOD)
like receptors
Retinoic Acid-Inducible Gene I (RIG-I) and
Melanoma Differentiation-Associated Gene
5 (MDA5)

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• Mediators of inflammatory pathways in the gut

TLR’s

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• Thus, mediates the immune responses towards a wide variety of pathogen-derived ligands

TLR’s

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• Links adaptive immunity with innate
immunity

TLR’s

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• Specialized group of intracellular proteins

NOD-Like Receptors

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• Regulates the host’s innate immune response

NOD-Like Receptors

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• Cytoplasmic sensors of viral single- stranded RNA SSRNA and viral double-stranded RNA dSRNA

RIG-1 like helicases and MDA-5

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• Recognizes distinct and complementary sets of viral dsRNA ligands

RIG-1 like helicases and MDA-5

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Phagocytic Cells

INNATE IMMUNITY
ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY

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• Leukocyte (wbc)
• Acts as the first line of defense

NEUTROPHILS

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• Leukocyte
• FIGHTS off diseases

Eosinophils

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• ↑ Levels of Eosinophils means:

– parasite infection
– allergic reaction
– cancer

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: ↑ levels of eosinophils in the blood or tissues at the infection site

eosinophilia

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• Leukocyte
• DEFENDS the body from allergens, pathogens and parasites

Basophils

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• Releases enzymes to improve blood flow and prevent blood clots

Basophils

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• Leukocyte
• Type of phagocyte
• ANTIGEN-PRESENTING CELL

Dendritic Cells

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Dendritic Cells
– Boosts immune response by SHOWING antigen on its surface to other cells of the immune system

ANTIGEN-PRESENTING CELL

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• Leukocyte
• REMOVES old cells and dendriles
• Found in tissues and skin

Macrophage

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5 CARDINAL SIGNS OF INFLAMMATION

DOLOR
CALOR
RUBOR
TUMOR
FUNXO LAESA

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5 CARDINAL SIGNS OF INFLAMMATION
pain

DOLOR

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5 CARDINAL SIGNS OF INFLAMMATION heat

CALOR

5 CARDINAL SIGNS OF INFLAMMATION heat

CALOR

5 CARDINAL SIGNS OF INFLAMMATION redness

RUBOR

5 CARDINAL SIGNS OF INFLAMMATION swelling

TUMOR

5 CARDINAL SIGNS OF INFLAMMATION loss of function

FUNXO LAESA

Interferons: Family

Type I IFN’s Type II IFN’s Type III IFN’s

Interferons: Family – NUMEROUS genes – IFN-α and IFN-β

Type I IFN’s

Interferons: Family – SINGLE gene – IFN-γ

Type II IFN’s

Interferons: Family – Recently discovered – IFN-λ

Type III IFN’s

• Large, granular lymphocytes • Morphologically related to T-cells

Natural Killer (NK) Cells

• Part of innate-immunity • RECOGNIZES virus infected cells and tumor cells, then RESPONDS by killing

Natural Killer (NK) Cells

Natural Killer Cells 2 TYPES OF SURFACE RECEPTORS

1. Lectin-like NK-cell receptors  Binds to proteins but not carbohydrates 2. Killer Immunoglobulin-like receptors (KIR’s)  Recognizes the following:  MAJOR HISTOCOMPATIBILITY COMPLEX (MHC) CLASS I MOLECULES  HUMAN LEUKOCYTE ANTIGEN B (HLA-B)  HUMAN LEUKOCYTE ANTIGEN C (HLA-C)

• viral infection: Triggers production of TYPE I IFN’s (TLR-3, TLR-7, TLR-9)

Interferons

• natural cells and T-cells: Produces IFN-γ

Interferons

• cytocines IL-2, IL-12: Also produces IFN-γ

Interferons

ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY

NATURALLY ACQUIRED ARTIFICIALLY ACQUIRED

ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY Naturally acquired - antigens enter the body naturally; body induces antibodies and specialized lymphocytes

ACTIVE

ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY Naturally acquired - antibodies pass from mother to fetus via placenta or to infant via the mother’s milk

PASSIVE

ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY Artificially acquired - antigens are introduced in vaccines; body produces antibodies and specialized lymphocytes

ACTIVE

ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY Artificially acquired - preformed antibodies in immune serum are introduced by injection

PASSIVE

CELLULAR IMMUNITY

T-Cells

• Etymology: Matures in the thymus

T-Cells

T-Cells 2 FORMS

• Helper T-Cell (AKA: CD4 cell) • Cytotoxic T-Cell (AKA: CD8 cell)

T-Cells 2 FORMS – COMMUNICATES, IDENTIFIES AND COORDINATES an immune response – Activates T-Cells, B-Cells and macrophage

Helper T-Cell (AKA: CD4 cell)

T-Cells 2 FORMS – COMMUNICATES, IDENTIFIES AND COORDINATES an immune response – Activates T-Cells, B-Cells and macrophage

Helper T-Cell (AKA: CD4 cell)

T-Cells 2 FORMS – ATTACKS and DESTROYS rogue or mutated cells

Cytotoxic T-Cell (AKA: CD8 cell)

HUMORAL IMMUNITY

B-Cells Immunoglobulin G (IgG) Immunoglobulin M (IgM) Immunoglobulin A (IgA) Immunoglobulin D (IgD) Immunoglobulin E (IgE)

• Etymology: Matures in the bone marrow

B-Cells

• Creates and secretes a specific type of antibodies

B-Cells

• Differentiates into: – Antibody producing cells – Memory cells

B-Cells

• GAMMA heavy chains • MOST VERSATILE → can carry out all functions of immunoglobulin molecules

Immunoglobulin G (IgG)

• ONLY immunoglobulin that can: – Cross the placently – Passed on the fetus during pregnancy

Immunoglobulin G (IgG)

• MU heavy chains • MACROANTIBODY • FIRST to be secreted after initial exposure to antigens

Immunoglobulin M (IgM)

• ALPHA heavy chains • 2ND most common serum immunoglobulin • AKA: serum antibody • Found in secretions such as tears, saliva, colostrum, mucus

Immunoglobulin A (IgA)

• DELTA heavy chains • Exists only as a monomer • Found on the surface of B-cells, initiates B-cell response

Immunoglobulin D (IgD)

Immunoglobulin E (IgE)

EPSILON ALLLERGINE REACTION

• EPSILON heavy chains • AKA: allergy antibody

Immunoglobulin E (IgE)

ALLERGIC REACTION 1. Binding of allergen to IgE 2. Release of pharmacological mediators that trigger histamine 3. Causes allergies and hypersensitivity

Immunoglobulin E (IgE)

highest opsonization and neutralization activities. classified into four subclasses (IgG1, IgG2, IgG3, and IgG4)

IgG

produced first upon antigen invasion. increases transiently

IgM

expressed in mucosal tissues. forms dimers after secretion

IgA

unknown function

IgD

involved in allergy

IgE

TYPES OF HYPERSENSITIVITY REACTIONS

Type I Hypersensitivity Type II Hypersensitivity Type III Hypersensitivity Type IV Hypersensitivity

TYPES OF HYPERSENSITIVITY REACTIONS • AKA: anaphylactic allergy/anaphylaxis

Type I Hypersensitivity

TYPES OF HYPERSENSITIVITY REACTIONS • AKA: cytotoxic • Basis of ABD blood group system

Type II Hypersensitivity

TYPES OF HYPERSENSITIVITY REACTIONS • AKA: immune complex • Abnormal immune response • Formation of antigen-antibody aggregates called IMMMUNE COMPLEXES, triggers classical complement system

Type III Hypersensitivity

TYPES OF HYPERSENSITIVITY REACTIONS • AKA: delayed • Example: contact dermatitis from poison ivy

Type IV Hypersensitivity

MODULE 3: Lecture Flashcards

(72 cards)