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Applied Psychology > Module 1: Introduction to psychological theory, knowledge, and its application > Flashcards

Module 1: Introduction to psychological theory, knowledge, and its application Flashcards

1
Q

What is psychology?

A

The study of the mind and human behaviour

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2
Q

What does psychology aim to understand?

A

Mental functions
Physiological processes
Biological processes
Internal mechanisms

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3
Q

True or false: Psychology helps interpret our own and others actions

A

True

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3
Q

What does psychology ask?

A

How and why we think, feel, act

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3
Q

True or False: Psychology offers no insight into the working of the economy

A

False

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4
Q

How long has psychology been a distinct discipline?

A

Approximately 150 years

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5
Q

Psychology was first recognised as a discipline by who, where, and when?

A

Wilhelm Wundt , Labaratory in Leipzeg, 1879

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5
Q

What methods can scientific data be collected through?

A

Observational Study
Self-report survey
Case study
Experiment
Field experiment
Interview
Program Evaluation
Neuroimaging/Psychophsyiological methods
Twin Study

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6
Q

Why is psychology as a science important?

A

There are limitation to evidence:
mixed findings, outdated findings, long term effects?

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7
Q

What is applied psychology?

A

Applying psychological knowledge and theory to yourself, others, and the world

Applying a deeper understanding of human motivations, behaviour, and mental processes to explain events in a rnage of different areas

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8
Q

Name the 3 different levbels of explanation and theur underlying process

A

Lower (Biological)
Middle (Interpersonal)
Higher (Cultural and Social)

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9
Q

True or false: Psychology has been a science since it was first established

A

True

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10
Q

True or false: Psychology does not rely on scientific evidence and clinical and research fields

A

False

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11
Q

True or false: Scientific evidence is obtained using emperical methods

A

True

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12
Q

True or false: The scientific-practitioner model places emphasis on the integration of science and practice, or “evidence-based practice”

A

True

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13
Q

Describe the difference between research psychologists and psychologist practitioners

A

Research Psychologists create new knowledge

Psychologist Practitioners use existing research

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14
Q

Can intuition always be relied on?

A

No

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15
Q

What is hindsight bias?

A

The tendency to think that we could have predicted something that has already occured that we probably would not have been able to predict

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16
Q

What are emperical methods?

A

The process of collecting and organising data and drawing conclusions about those data

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17
Q

What is scientific method?

A

The set of assumptions, rules, procedures that scientists use to conduct emperical research

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18
Q

What are values?

A

Individual beliefs that motivate people to act one way or another

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19
Q

True or false: Values act as a guide for human behaviour

A

True

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20
Q

True or false: Values can be sacred, are a means to an end, or have intrinsic worth

A

True

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21
Q

True or false: Different values do not lead to conflict

A

False

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22
What does ethical decision making involve interms of values?
Weighing values against eachother
23
True or false: We are not predisposed to believe values and not raised to see them as right
False
24
Where do values originate from?
Family, role models, society, culture
25
We usually maintain the same values over WHAT
Time
26
What is the difference between subjective and objective values?
Subjective values have a clear, subjective element Objective values are classed as ethics and morality
27
What is conflict rhetoric?
When a fact is stated as if it is clearly undesireable or immoral, or a value statement is offered as if it was a fact
28
True or false: Contenting parties debate factual issues when the conflict is reduced to a value conflict, or vice versa
True
29
True or False: The same set of experts and resources are used to resolve factual and value debates/conflicts
False
30
Facts are WHAT true
Objectively
31
Facts are not based on WHAT biases
Pre-conceived
32
Facts are able to be WHAT and WHAT
Tested and verified
33
True or false: Some facts are difficult to know
True
34
Value judgements are generally WHAT while facts are generally WHAT
Biased, Unbiased
35
How can one resolve facts VS Values conflicts?
Fact-finding techniques Joint fact finding Look at other persons fact frames Coexistence/tolerance of value conflict Factor in individual biases
36
What does the work psychology mean?Where does the word pwsychology originate from
Greece: Psyche-life Logos-Explanation
37
Can factual information change?
Yes
38
Can values be considered true or false?
No
39
True or false: The distinction between fact and value is always clear-cut
False
40
What are facts?
Pbjective statements determined to be true through emperical study
41
What are levele of explanation?
The perspectives that are used to understand behaviours
42
Why is studying psychology challenging?
Predicting behaviour is difficult Psycholoigcal experiences are complex Individual difference and variations Psychologist predictions are probabilistic Behaviour is multiply determined Much of human behaviour is caused by unconscious processes
43
List important Question within psychology
Nature VS Nurture Accuracy VS Inaccuracy Free Will VS Determinism Conscious VS Unconscious processing Differences VS Similarities
44
List some psychology career paths
Biopsychology and neuroscience Clinical and counselling psychology Developmental psychology Forensic psychology Health psychology Industrial-Organisational and Environmental Psychology Social and educational Psychology Sports psychology
45
Identify the approach: Uses introspection method to identify basic elements or structures of psychological experiences
Structuralism
46
Identify the approach: Wilhelm Wundt, Edward B Titchener
Structuralism
47
Identify the approach: Attempts to understand why animals and humans have developed the particular psychological aspects they currently possess
Functionalism
48
Identify the approach: William Jones
Functionalism
49
Identify the approach: Focuses on the role of our unconscious thoughts, feelings, memories, and our early childhood experiences in determining behaviour
Psychodynamic
50
Identify the approach: Sigmund Freud, Carl Jung, Alfred Adler, Erik Erikson
Psychodynamic
51
Identify the approach: It is not possible to objectively study the mind, therefore psychologists should limit attention to study of behaviour itself
Behaviourism
52
Identify the approach: John B Watson, B F Skinner
Behaviourism
53
Identify the approach: Study of mental processes, including perception, thinking, memory, judgements
Cognitive
54
Identify the approach: Hermann, Ebbinghaus, Sir Frederic Bartlett, Jean Piaget
Cognitive
55
Identify the approach: How social situations and cultures in which people find themselves in influence thinking and behaviour
Social-cultural
56
Identify the approach: Fritz Heider, Leon Festinger, Stanley Schachter
Social-Cultural
57
What is introspection?
Asking research participants to describe exactly what they experience as they work on mental tasks.
58
Titchener claimed to identify over how many different sensations through introspection?
Over 40000
59
True or false: Wundt discovered the difference between the sensation and the perception of a stimulus
True
60
What is a limitation of introspection?
Importance of the unconscious bias
61
What did Wundt study?
The nature of consciousness. It is possible to analyse basic elements of the mind and classify our conscious experiences scientifically
62
What was functionalism influenced by?
Charles Darwins theory of Natural selection
63
What is Charles Darwins theory of natural selection?
The physical characteristics of animals and humans evolved because they wer euseful or functional
64
Does functionalism still exist as a school of psychology?
No
65
What area of psychology has functonalism been absorbed into?
Evolutionary psychology
66
Identify the approach: The extent to which having a given characteristic helps the individual organism survive and reproduce at a higher rate than do other members of the species who do not have the same characteristics
Evolutionary
67
Many predictions of WHAT psychology are difficult to test
Evolutionary
68
Which field of psychology provides logical explanations for why we havemany psychological characteristics?
Evolutionary
69
According to Freud, many problems experienced are a result of what?
Effects of painful childhood experiences the person could no longer remember
70
Identify the approach: Remembering unconscious drives through psychoanalysis using talk therapy and dream analysis to explore person's early sexual experiences and current sexual desires
Psychodynamic
71
True or false: Behaviourism identifies that we can predict behaviour without knowing what goes on in the mind
True
72
Who was John B Watson (Behavioursim) influenced by?
Pavlov
73
Identify the approach: Burrhus Frederick Skinner
Positive and negative reinforcement
74
Identify the approach: Principle of learning identified
Positive and Negative reinforcement
75
What was Skinners research focus?
Do we have free will?
76
What did Hermann Ebbinghaus study?
Ability of people to remember lists of words under different conditions
77
What did Sir Frederic Bartlett study?
Cognitive and social processes of remembering
78
What are social norms?
The ways of thinking, feeling, or behaving that are shared by group members and perceived by them as appropriate
79
What is culture?
The common set of social norms shared by the people who live in a geographical region
80
True or false: The first psychologists were philosophers
True

Applied Psychology (11 decks)

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