Module 3: Judgement, Decision-making & Cognitive Bias in a post-truth world

Question 1

What is judgement?

Answer 1

The ability to make considered decisions or come to sensible outcomes
The ability to combine personal qualitities with relevant knowledge and experience to form opinions and make decisions

Question 2

True or False: Judgement is the core of exemplary leadership

Answer 2

True

Question 3

What factors can influence judgement?

Answer 3

Past experiences
Personal qualities
Emotions
Peers/Group think
Deductive reasoning and logic
Cognitive bias

Question 4

Name the basic componenet of good judgement:

Listen attentively, read critically

Answer 4

Learning

Question 5

Name the basic componenet of good judgement:

Seek diversity, not validation

Answer 5

Trust

Question 6

Name the basic componenet of good judgement:

Make it relevant but not narrow

Answer 6

Experience

Question 7

Name the basic componenet of good judgement:

Identify and then challenge Biases

Answer 7

Detachment

Question 8

Name the basic componenet of good judgement:

Question the solution set offered

Answer 8

Options

Question 9

Name the basic componenet of good judgement:

Factor in the feasability of execution

Answer 9

Delivery

Question 10

Name the 6 basic components of good judgement

Answer 10

Learning, trust, experience, detachment, options, delivery

Question 11

Name the cognitive bias:

The tendency to rely too heavily on the very first piece of information you learn

Answer 11

Anchoring Bias

Question 12

Name the cognitive bias:

Tendency to pay attention to some things while simultaneously ignoring others

Answer 12

Attentional Bias

Question 13

Name the cognitive bias:

Placing greater value on information that comes to your mind quickly

Answer 13

Availability Heuristic (The recency effect)

Question 14

What is cognitive bias?

Answer 14

A systematic error in thinking that occurs when people are processing and interpreting information in the world around them, and affects the decisions and judgements they make

Question 15

True or False: Cognitive bias ususally occurs on a conscious level

Answer 15

False

Question 16

What can affect to what extent and what type of cognitve bias we are affected by?

Answer 16

Views, beliefs, suceptibility

Question 17

Name the cognitive bias:

Favouring information that conforms to your existing beliefs, discounting evidence that does not conform

Answer 17

Confirmation Bias

Question 18

Name the cognitive bias:

Tendency to over-estimate how much other people agree with you

Answer 18

False Consensus Effect

Question 19

Name the cognitive bias:

Tendency for post-event information to interfere with memory of original event

Answer 19

Misinformation Effect

Question 20

True or false: Cognifitve bias operate via an automatic process

Answer 20

True

Question 21

True or false: Cogntive bias decreases mental efficiency

Answer 21

False

Question 22

True or false: Cognitve bias can lead to poor decision-making and flase judgements

Answer 22

True

Question 23

True or False: Cognitive bias only applies to certain people

Answer 23

False

Question 24

According to Tversky and Kahneman, which two systems are involved in thinking?

Answer 24

Logical, attentive system

Intuitive, fast, automatic system

Question 25

Which system of thinking is used to solve complex problems, uses a lot fo energy, and can most effectively do one task at a time?

Answer 25

Logical, attentive

Question 26

Which system of thinking is unconscious, responsible for most of what you say and do, and is subject to influences of own cognitive biases?

Answer 26

Intuitive

Question 27

How can one improve Learning?

Answer 27

Active Listening

Question 28

How can one improve trust?

Answer 28

Cultivate sources of trusted advice

Question 29

How can one improve experience?

Answer 29

Work to expand your experience and assess how well you draw on your own experiences

Question 30

How can one improve detachment?

Answer 30

Understand, clarify, and accept different viewpoints and be aware of biases

Question 31

How can one improve delivery?

Answer 31

Think carefully about risks

Question 32

Weather judgement is based on intuition or logical thinking can be because of:

Answer 32

Available information Level of trust Values

Question 33

How can you recognise truth?

Answer 33

Know your own unconscious bias Be open to conflicting evidence Dont accept facts Look at sources of info Be cautious about use of questionable information

Question 34

What is cognitive dissonance?

Answer 34

A situation involving conflicting attitudes, beliefs or behaviours

Question 35

What does cognitive dissonance produce?

Answer 35

A feeling of mental discomfort and alteration in one of the attitudes, values, beliefs, behaviours to reduce discomfort and restore balance

Question 36

What are alternative facts?

Answer 36

A statement intended to contradict another more verifiable, but less palatable statement

Question 37

What is managerialism?

Answer 37

The application of managerial techniques of business to the running or organisations

Question 38

What industr doe sthe follow apply to in relation to truth: Marketing and branding, digitial technology influence, media

Answer 38

Creative Industries

Question 39

What is the post-truth world?

Answer 39

A situation in which people are more likely to accept an argument based on their emotions and beliefs rather than one based on facts

Question 40

When was the conept of the post truth world first introduced?

Answer 40

1992

Question 41

By what percentage how the use of the phrase ppost-truth world increased between 2015 and 2016?

Answer 41

2000%

Question 42

What is agnotology?

Answer 42

The study of culturally induced ignorance or doubt, particualry the publication of inaccurate or misleading scientific data

Question 43

What contributes to agnology theory?

Answer 43

Government secrecy and supressions Selective media coverage Destruction of evidence Inattention and forgetfullness

Question 44

What does post-truth symbolise?

Answer 44

Emancipation or freedom from state sponsored truth

Question 45

True or false: The post truth world introduced the idea of multiple truths?

Answer 45

True

Question 46

Explaihn the tobacco strategy:

Answer 46

Tobacco comapnies worred about scientific study that linked smoking to cancer lead to science denial with public relations fighting the science

Question 47

What is the differenc between lies and post-truth?

Answer 47

Lies intentionally try and get someone to believe something but show respect that you want to let them believe you. Post-truth lies with no accountability

Question 48

What is the purpose of post-truth?

Answer 48

To get people ready to be dominated, to be ruled

Question 49

True or false: Belie is tied up with identify, values, trust

Answer 49

True

Question 50

What are the 5 main types of science denial?

Answer 50

Belief in conspiracy theories Cherry-picking evidence Relying on fake experts and denegrating true experts Illogical reasoning Insisting science has to be perfect

Question 51

How does on fight against the post-truth world?

Answer 51

Face-to-face as it builds trust

Question 52

What is information bias?

Answer 52

Equal time/voice to person on the other side, when there really is no other debate

Question 53

What two long-cycle trends that shape our understanding of the world?

Answer 53

We are beocming stupider (on a relative basis) (The gap between what we know and what the world knows is growing rapidly) Business and politics are becoming more interdependent (it is becoming harder to predict the future)

Question 54

True or false: We foten reach a judgement by building off intutition as opposed to logic

Answer 54

True

Question 55

True or false: The more simple and sure the issue, the more we tend to trust our intuition

Answer 55

False. The more complex and uncertain the issue, the more we tent to trsut our intuition.

Question 56

True or false: Emotion beats logic in the art of persuassion

Answer 56

True

Question 57

What factors have contributed to the increase of popoularity of post-truth world since 2016?

Answer 57

Advancement of digital technology Approach of media Attitudes of professionals Nature of politics Reference to alternative facts by leaders