Module 1 - Kinesiology and Science Flashcards
(46 cards)
1
Q
What are the 3 departments in the Faculty of Health?
A
The School of Public Health Sciences, Dept. of Kinesiology + Health Sciences, Dept. of Recreation + Leisure Studies
2
Q
What are the 5 programs offered by the Faculty of Health?
A
Health Sciences, Public Health, Kinesiology, Recreation + Sport Business, Therapeutic Recreation, Recreation + Leisure Studies
3
Q
Kinesiology
A
The study of human movement
4
Q
Kinematics
A
The study of motion
5
Q
Kinetics
A
The study of forces that cause motion
6
Q
Kinesthesia
A
Sense of movement
7
Q
What is the difference between the discipline and the profession?
A
- Discipline: the science of kinesiology itself
- Profession: registered kinesiologist, involves a scope of practice (assessment of human movement + performance, its rehabilitation + management to maintain, rehabilitate, or enhance movement + performance)
8
Q
Minors + specializations offered by Dept. of Kinesiology + Health Sciences (3A, 3B, 4A, 4B)
A
- Neuroscience minor (Sept. 1, 2024)
- Ergonomics + injury prevention minor
- Human nutrition minor
- Medical physiology minor
- Rehabilitation sciences specialization
9
Q
How do you know what is “true”?
A
- Be aware that some researchers paid to present misleading information
- Studies tracking a larger # of people –> more date + more accurate results
- Look at a variety of sources for a well-rounded understanding
10
Q
The Scientific Process
A
- Make observation/review previous research
- Formulate question
- Formulate hypothesis (educated guess based on previous knowledge)
- Design experiment
- Execute experiment
- Analyze results
- Draw conclusion
- Formulate new hypothesis
11
Q
What if results of your research do not support your hypothesis?
A
- Confirmation OR refutation of a hypothesis are both valuable outcomes
- Science sets out to determine TRUTH; does not set out to PROVE
- Seek TRUTH not PROOF
12
Q
Confirmation bias
A
- Tendency for individuals to search for, select and/or interpret information in a way that serves to confirm their beliefs/hypotheses
- Leads to disregarding information that challenges their beliefs/hypotheses
13
Q
Importance of evidence
A
- Accumulation of results from many studies serve to inform what is ‘true’
- Singular studies not enough (multiple studies, locations, researchers coming to the same conclusion –> reinforce ‘truth’)
- Anecdotes are not enough + often influenced by confirmation bias
- Bad science/’pseudo-science’ can be intentionally/unintentionally misleading
- Accumulation of knowledge is important + takes time
14
Q
Peer-reviewed scientific publications
A
- Quality control
- Valid, high quality, original
- Also called scholarly, academic, refereed
15
Q
Primary article (empirical study)
A
- Aims to gain new knowledge through direct/indirect observation + research
- Quantitative/qualitative data + analysis
- Often include sections –> intro, methods, results, discussion (IMRaD)
16
Q
Review article
A
- Summary of existing research in a field/topic area
- Several types: narrative reviews, scoping reviews, systematic reviews
17
Q
Narrative reviews
A
- Summarizes some of existing evidence
- Overviews, describes, + synthesizes topic
- Can be more biased
18
Q
Scoping reviews
A
- Broad reviews, aim to gather as much evidence as possible + map evidence into themes
- Describe methodology, what do search + how (to remove biases)
19
Q
Systematic reviews
A
- Highly structured reviews that utilize pre-planned methods to include/exclude articles
- Describe methodology, what do search + how (to remove biases)
20
Q
Meta-analysis journal articles
A
- Secondary analysis
- Combines and/or analyzes data from different primary studies (usually) in new analysis tp strengthen understanding of particular topic
- Taking completed studies + analyzing them together
21
Q
Case studies
A
- Report specific instances of interesting phenomena
- Goal: to make other researches aware of possibility that a specific phenomenon might occur
- Often used in medicine to report occurrence of a previously unknown/emerging pathologies
22
Q
RADAR Framework
A
- Relevance: support ideas with pertinent info
- Authority: judging credibility of author’s assertions
- Date: currency, info can quickly become obsolete, supporting research with superseded facts weakens your argument
- Appearance + Accuracy: sources are identifiable through appearance + context clues, important b/c errors + untruths distorts line of reasoning, presenting inaccurate info undermines your credibility
- Reason: sources made to serve a purpose (some are frivolous/commercial; provide inaccurate, false, biased info), varied points of view can be valid if based on good reasoning + careful use of evidence
23
Q
Steps to reading a paper
A
Skim, first (second…) detailed read, review data, summarize
24
Q
Structure of a paper
A
Title, abstract, intro, methods, results, discussion, references
25
Statistics
- Field of mathematics that relates to presentation, analysis, + interpretation of data
- Important to recognize trends + patterns, describe relationships between 2 variables, statistical differences
26
Score:
Value associated w/ a variable of interest (usually has units)
27
Frequency
A count based on a criteria, most common, "how much?", "how often does something occur?"
28
Mean
- An average, mathematical centre of ALL scores
- Symbol: X̅
(central tendency)
29
Median
- The score that divides a data set in 2 equal halves (e.g. 50th percentile)
(central tendency)
30
Mode
- The score that occurs the most (e.g. the score w/ the highest frequency)
(central tendency)
31
Data set
Collection of scores
32
Standard deviation
- Indicates how closely individual data points cluster around the mean
- Low --> similar, low variability
- High --> different, high variability
- Symbol: s
(variability), most common
33
Standard error
- Same info as standard deviation, different value
(variability), most common
34
Range
- Max - min values
(variability)
35
Normal curve
- Bell curve
- Frequency distribution
- Allows percentile calculations
- Relative
- Curve is symmetrical --> mode, median, and mean are the same value
36
Histogram
Frequency count vs data
37
Box plot (whisker plot)
- Range (lower extreme - upper extreme)
- Lower quartile (25th percentile), upper quartile (75th percentile)
38
Scatter plot
- Represents relationship between 2 variables
- Correlation regression (lines): statistical analysis that measures the strength of the relationships between 2 variables
39
Time series plot
- Similar to scatterplot
- x-axis is time
40
Statistical significance
- Likelihood (probability) that a relationship between two+ variables is due to something (usually and intervention) other than random chance
- Objective
41
Biological (clinical) significance
- Effect considered by expert judgement as important and meaningful for human, animal, plant, or environmental health (e.g. stroke victim recovering minimal movement - clinician considers it significant)
- Subjective
42
Minimally clinically important difference (MCID)
- Outcomes that reflect the smallest benefit/change that is meaningful to the person/patient
- More intrinsic
- Subjective
43
Probability
Calculate probability that indicates if an event happened simply due to chance (random events) or if there was a reason for said event/difference (some treatment/intervention)
44
Null hypothesis
- Type of statistical hypothesis that proposes that no statistical difference exists in a set of given observations
- Formulated and then rejected/retained with the help of statistical tests
45
P-value
- Probability, which is calculated using a statistical test
- Reflects the measure of evidence against null hypothesis
- Small p-values correspond to strong evidence
- P-value below predefined limit (5%, 0.05 or 1%, 0.01) --> results are "statistically different"
- Researcher chooses a "goal post"/"threshold" of either 5% or 1%
- Expressed as percentage
46
Statistical difference
- Less than/equal to 1% or 5% --> statistical difference (means are NOT the same)
- Greater than 1% or 5% --> NO statistical difference (means are the SAME)
