Module 1 (LEC): Body Plan and Organization | Cell Biology Flashcards
(91 cards)
1
Q
What is the order of structural organization?
A
Chemical - Cellular - Tissue - Organ - System - Organism
2
Q
Integumentary System
A
- skin & associated components
- protects body from external environment, excreted waste, detects pain, touch, dehydration, etc.
3
Q
Skeletal System
A
- bones & cartilage
- protects body, provides framework, contains bone marrow for blood cells to develop in
4
Q
Muscular System
A
- skeletal muscle
- cardiac muscle (found in heart)
- smooth muscle (found within viscera)
- enables body to move through muscular contraction and relaxation
5
Q
Nervous System
A
- brain, spinal cord, nerves, and special sense organs
- central nervous system: brain and spinal cord
- peripheral nervous system: everything else
- detects changes, processes impulses, and activates effectors to induce responses
6
Q
Endocrine System
A
- endocrine organs: pituitary, thyroid, pineal, parathyroid, adrenal glands
- also in hypothalamus, pancreas, thymus, gonads, heart, stomach, and small intestine
- alter metabolism of target cells
6
Q
Cardiovascular System
A
- blood, heart, and blood vessels
- pumps blood around body through vessels to deliver oxygen and nutrients
- regulates water content of body fluids and temperature
7
Q
Respiratory System
A
- air passageways, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, and the lungs
- responsible for carbon dioxide/oxygen gas exchange
7
Q
Lymphatic System
A
- lymphatic fluid, vessels, nodes, spleen, nodules, and thymus
- transporting various substances, takes lipids from gastrointestinal tract and transports fluids
8
Q
Digestive System
A
- oral cavity, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, and intestines
- responsible for breakdown of food so nutrients can be absorbed
9
Q
Urinary System
A
- kidney, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra
- filters blood to extract metabolic waste
- maintain acid-base and mineral balance
10
Q
Reproductive System
A
- female: ovaries, uterine tubes, uterus, vagina, clitoris, labia, mammary glands
- male: testes, epididymis, ductus deferens, penis, scrotum
- females produce oocytes (cells from which egg develops) and men produce sperm
11
Q
Proper Anatomic Position
A
body upright, facing observer, palms forward
12
Q
Axial Region
A
head, neck, chest, and trunk
13
Q
Appendicular Region
A
limps and appendages
14
Q
Superior
A
above
15
Q
Inferior
A
below
16
Q
Medial
A
towards midline of body
17
Q
Lateral
A
away from midline
18
Q
Dorsal / Posterior
A
back side of organism
19
Q
Ventral / Anterior
A
belly side of an organism
20
Q
Cranial
A
closer to head
21
Q
Caudal
A
closer to tail
22
Q
Proximal
A
closer to torso
23
Distal
away from torso
24
Stimulus
disruption in environment
25
Receptor
sensor that detects stimulus
26
Control Center
receives stimulus
27
Effector
relays response
28
Sagittal Plane
divides right and left
29
Transverse
divides top and bottom
30
Coronal
divides front and back
31
The Dorsal Cavity is comprised of which cavities:
Cranial and Vertebral
32
Cranial Cavity
brain and meninges
33
Vertebral Cavity
spinal cord and spinal nerve roots
34
The Ventral Cavity is comprised of which cavities:
Thoracic, Abdominal (intestines, kidneys), and Pelvic (urinary bladder, genitalia)
35
The Thoracic Cavity is comprised of:
Mediastinum [pericardial] and pleural (lungs)
36
Phospolipids
gives fludiity
37
Cholesterol
gives structural stability
38
Glycolipids
peripheral lipids on outer surface
39
Channel Proteins
allow flow of specific ions and permit movement of water (ex. sodium and potassium ion channels)
40
Carrier/Transporter Proteins
undergo structural change (active transport) and require ATP (ex. glucose carrier)
41
Receptor Proteins
recognize and bind to specific molecules (G protein coupled receptor)
42
Enzymes
catalyze specific chemical reactions
43
Cell Adhesion Molecules
provide structural support and adhere adjacent cells (ex. desmosomes)
44
Cell Identity Markers
enable recognition from other cells (ex. blood type markers)
45
Passive Transport
requires no energy
46
Simple Diffusion
diffusion of small, nonpolar molecules with no need of extra proteins
47
Facilitated Diffusion
requires membrane channel or carrier protein
48
Osmosis
diffusion of water molecules down concentration gradient
49
Active Transport
requires transporters and ATP
50
Tonicity
measure of difference in osmotic pressure
51
Isotonic Solution
concentration of solutes equal
52
Hypotonic Solution
lower concentration of solutes compared to cytosol (hemolysis, cell ruptures)
53
Hypertonic Solution
high concentration of solutes compared to cytosol (crenation, cell shrinks)
54
Primary Active Transport
uses specific carrier proteins driven by ATP hydrolysis (ex. sodium potassium pump)
55
Secondary Active Transport
driven by potential energy difference created from sodium potassium pump
56
Endocytosis
substance moves into cell
57
Receptor-Mediated Endocytosis
substance binds to receptor and vesicle forms around it
58
Phagocytosis
specialized cells engulf large particles
59
Pinocytosis
ingestion of small amount of extracellular fluid
60
Exocytosis
substance moves out of cell; packaged in Golgi complex and transported via membrane-bound particles
61
Transcytosis
substances moved into, across, and out of a cell
62
Nuclear Envelope
separates nucleus from cytoplasm
63
Ribosomes
where protein synthesis occurs
64
Nuclear Pores
regulate movement of substances across nuclear envelope
65
Nucleoplasm
Nucleoli (ribosomal subunits from rRNA, chromatin contains DNA)
66
Cytosol
conduit for chemical reactions to take place
67
Microfilaments
provide movement and mechanical support
68
Intermediate filaments
cell strength and stability, used for cell adhesion
69
Microtubules
cell shape and structure, facilitate movement
70
Centrosomes & Centrioles
responsible for formation of mitotic spindles during cell division
71
Cilia
hair-like extensions that produce coordinated movement
72
Flagella
elongates extensions of cell that generate forward movement
73
Microvilli
increase surface area for absorption
74
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
houses ribosomes on external surface, enables synthesized proteins to be processed
75
Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum
catalyzes chemical reactions and important for hormone synthesis
76
Golgi Complex
modifies, sorts, and packages proteins after translation for secretion from a cell
77
Peroxisomes
contain oxidases and catalases, critical for removal of toxins from cell
78
Proteasomes
degrade damaged or excess proteins
79
Mitochondria
site of Krebs cycle and electron transport chain for ATP production
80
DNA is comprised of:
phosphate group, sugar, and nitrogenous bases (adenine, guanine, cytosine, thymine)
81
Transcription
- produces mRNA from DNA
- occurs in nucleus
- newly formed RNA goes through splicing to remove non-coding regions
82
Translation
- produces protein from mRNA
- occurs in ribosomes
- tRNA reads mRNA sequence and catalyzes formation of peptide bonds
83
Interphase
G0
G1 - growth, replication of organelles
S - synthesis for DNA replication
G2 - growth continues, completion of replication, energy production for cell division
84
Prophase
condensation and extension of mitotic spindles
85
Metaphase
alignments of chromosomes
86
Anaphase
formation of sister chromatids
87
Telophase
nuclear envelope reforms around 2 sets of chromosomes
88
Cytokineses
separation of cytoplasm
89
How many chromosomes are in a somatic cell?
46
