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BSC2085 > Module 3 (Lecture) - Chemistry > Flashcards

Module 3 (Lecture) - Chemistry Flashcards

1
Q

protons

A

positively charged, found in nucleus of atom

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2
Q

neutrons

A

neutral charge, found in nucleus of atom

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3
Q

electrons

A

negatively charged, move around nucleus

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4
Q

each atom carries the same number of ___ and ___

A

protons and electrons

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5
Q

vertical row of periodic table

A

group

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6
Q

horizontal row of periodic table

A

period

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7
Q

period

A

number of electron shells

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8
Q

group

A

number of valence electrons

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9
Q

__ + __ = mass number

A

protons + neutrons

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10
Q

octet rule

A

atoms will bond with other atoms that can compensate for their deficiency in valence electrons

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11
Q

molecule

A

two atoms physically joined together

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12
Q

ion

A

charged form of an atom

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13
Q

anion

A

negatively charged due to gain of electron

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14
Q

cation

A

positively charged due to loss of electron

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15
Q

ionic bond

A
  • occurs between two oppositely charged ions
  • transfer of one or more electrons so both have complete outer shells
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16
Q

covalent bond

A

at least two atoms share valence electrons to complete outer shell

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17
Q

polar covalent bond

A

unequal sharing of electrons due to the ability of one of atoms to attract electrons more strongly than the other

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18
Q

electronegativity

A

ability of an atom to attract electrons

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19
Q

polarity

A
  • difference in charges within a molecule
  • ex. oxygen having higher electronegativity than hydrogen, giving it a slightly negative charge
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20
Q

hydrophilic molecules

A

strongly attracted to water & dissolve easily

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21
Q

hydrophobic molecules

A

do not contain polar covalent bonds, not attracted to water, & do not dissolve easily

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22
Q

potential energy

A

stored energy

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23
Q

chemical energy

A

potential energy stored in bonds between atoms in compounds and molecules

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24
Q

kinetic energy

A
  • energy associated with motion
  • ex. thermal, rotational, translational
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25
exergonic reactions
release energy and break bonds
26
endergonic reactions
absorb energy and form bonds
27
anabolic/synthesis reaction
- forms bonds - A + B ------- AB
28
catabolic/decomposition reaction
- breaks bonds - AB -------- A + B
29
exchange
- both anabolic and catabolic reactions - AB + CD ------ AC + BD - AB + C -------- AC + B
30
reversible
- proceed in either direction - A + B ~~~~ A + B
31
factors that can affect reaction rate:
concentration, temperature, energy, catalysts
32
compound
substance with two or more different elements
33
organic compound
- contain carbon atoms - bond: covalent - bonds to: hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen - ex. carbs, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids
34
inorganic compound
- lack carbon atoms - bond: covalent or ionic - ex. water, acids, bases, salts
35
mixture
molecules and elements mixing without forming bonds
36
solution
- homogenous - solvent & solute - transparent, particle very small (sugar in tea)
37
solvent
substance in which other substances dissolve
38
solute
substance that dissolves within solvent
39
colloid
- heterogenous - large particles, translucent or cloudy (milk)
40
suspension
- heterogenous - large particles, translucent/cloudy (blood)
41
pH scale
measures how acidic or basic by measuring concentration of hydrogen ions
42
acid
- pH < 7 - hydrogen > hydroxide - strongest in body: hydrochloride (pH =2)
43
base
- pH > 7 - hydroxide > hydrogen - strongest alkali pH towards 14 - proton acceptors
44
neutral
- pH = 7 - hydroxide = hydrogen - ex. pure water
45
salt
- do not contain hydroxide or hydrogen - acid + base ------ salt + water - contain cations & anions
46
carbohydrates
formed by carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in 1:2:1 ratio
47
monosaccharides
- structure: monomer - example: fruit and plant juice - function: energy source, component of DNA and RNA
48
disaccharides
- structure: two monomers - example: sucrose - source: sugar cane and roots of sugar beet - function: energy source & dietary source of monosaccharides
49
polysaccharides
- structure: 100+ monomers - example: starch - source: grain and potato products - function: energy source, energy storage, blood glucose regulation, dietary source of monosaccharides
50
glycogenolysis
occurs when blood glucose levels fall; glycogen stores are broken down and released into the blood to bring glucose levels back to normal
51
glycogenesis
occurs when blood sugar levels rise; glucose taken up from blood by cells in liver and skeletal muscle and used to form glycogen
52
lipids
hydrophobic molecules formed by carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen
53
saturated fatty acid
carbon connected to at least two hydrogen atoms
54
unsaturated fatty acid
one or more double bonds, losing hydrogen atoms
55
triglycerides
- function: energy, insulation, flexibility - structure: glycerol and three fatty acid chains (sat. or unsat.) - example: butter and cheese
56
phospholipids
- function: make up cell membrane - hydrophilic head: phosphate and glycerol - hydrophobic tail: two fatty acid chains
57
steroids
- structure: four interlocking carbon rings - function: gives cell membrane flexibility - is precursor to Vitamin D - high cholesterol ---- heart disease
58
proteins
- composed of amino acid chains - 20% of body mass - structure: alpha carbon, carboxylic acid group, R group
59
essential amino acids
cannot be synthesized
60
non-essential amino acids
can be synthesized
61
protein structures
- primary: chain of amino acids - secondary: alpha helix or beta pleated sheet - tertiary: 3D shape depending on R group - quaternary: several folded chains together
62
nucleic acids are composed of
nucleotides
63
nucleotide structure
phosphate group, nitrogenous base, pentose sugar
64
DNA base bonds
adenine & thymine guanine & cytosine
65
in RNA, thymine is replaced with ____
uracil
66
ATP structure
ribose, adenine, 3 phosphate groups
67
ATP function
energy
68

BSC2085 (11 decks)

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