Module 1 Lecture 2 - Cell Structure and Function Ctd. + Cellular Metabolism

Question 1

Why is the mitochondria considered a “power plant” of the cell?

Answer 1

Because it extracts nutrients from the food our body processes and transforms it into usable energy

Question 2

What are the three components of the cytoskeleton

Answer 2

Microtubules, Microfilaments and Intermediate filaments

Question 3

How are the three components of the cytoskeleton compared?

Answer 3

Often through the size of each one

Question 4

What role does the cytoskeleton serve?

Answer 4

Network of protein filaments; allows cell to change shape and help with cell movement & organizing cytoplasm

Question 5

What is the cytoskeleton often referred to as?

Answer 5

Bone and muscle of the cell - provides structural support to the cell

Question 6

What are microtubules?

Answer 6

Long, slender, hollow tubes made of this subunit called tubulin; and have this asymmetric cell shape and coordinate complex cell movements

Question 7

How do microtubules coordinate cell movement

Answer 7

Acting as a highway to allow secretory vesicles to move within a cell

Question 8

What are the molecules dynein and kinesin used for?

Answer 8

Help transport vesicles through the microtubule highway

Question 9

Example of microtubules coordinating movement in a neuron

Answer 9

Microtubules abundant in neurons; occupy axons and help facilitate transport of vesicles

Question 10

What other roles do the microtubules play other than acting as a highway?

Answer 10

Positions cytoplasmic organelles (ER, lyosomes, Golgi, etc), Assemble into mitotic spindle (separates chromosomes), main structural component of cilia and flagella

Question 11

What are microfilaments?

Answer 11

Intertwined helical chain of actin molecules; smallest protein compared to the three components of the cytoskeleton

Question 12

Are microfilaments made of myosin too?

Answer 12

Only really in muscle cells - hence muscle contraction

Question 13

What vital role do microfilaments have?

Answer 13

Utilized in cellular contractile systems (muscle contraction & amoeboid movement) cell shape change & mechanical stiffener for microvilli

Question 14

What is amoeboid movement and how do microfilaments play a role

Answer 14

Amoeboid movement is referred to as cell movement and microfilaments help change the shape and move around

Question 15

Example of amoeboid movement

Answer 15

An immune cell uses amoeboid movement to squeeze through gaps

Question 16

How do microfilaments act as mechanical stiffeners for microvilli?

Answer 16

It helps expand the stomach to absorb more food and prevent it from falling out

Question 17

What are intermediate filaments?

Answer 17

In terms of size, in between microtubules and microfilaments.
- irregular, threadlike proteins that are extremely strong

Question 18

Purpose of intermediate filaments

Answer 18

Providing support to the cells and withstanding mechanical pressure and tension

Question 19

An example of an intermediate filament

Answer 19

Keratin; found in hairs and nails which makes it hard to tear when tension is applied

Question 20

What is the cytosol also known as?

Answer 20

Cell gel

Question 21

Why are cytosol and cytoplasm not the same?

Answer 21

Cytosol is the cell gel while cytoplasm is the cell gel + organelles

Question 22

What’s found floating around in the cytosol?

Answer 22

Protein (enzymes), gel, water, fluids

Question 23

What 3 things happen in the cytosol

Answer 23

Intermediary metabolism enzymes are dispersed in the cytosol (facilitating intracellular reactions) , transport, secretory vesicles and inclusions

Question 24

How are transport, secretory and endocytic vesicles connected to cytosol?

Answer 24

The vesicles are apart of the cytosol moving through them and transporting different molecules

Question 25

What are the inclusions in the cytosol?

Answer 25

nutrient storages; stores excess glycogen and fatty acids for future metabolic processes

Question 26

Define intermediary metabolism

Answer 26

The sum of all intracellular chemical reactions to break, build or transform organic molecules like simple sugars and fatty acids into energy requiring thousands of enzymes

Question 27

What organelle does intermediary metabolism take place?

Answer 27

Cytosol

Question 28

What is energy used for in the cell?

Answer 28

- used for cell activities - maintain cell structure, function, and growth

Question 29

Two processes of intermediary metabolism that are known for synthesis and degradation

Answer 29

Anabolic (synthesis) & Catabolic (degradation)

Question 30

ATP is required to do what?

Answer 30

Making or breaking a protein or molecule

Question 31

What does ATP look like? More specifically how is it structured?

Answer 31

One adenosine base, three phosphates added to the base

Question 32

What's unique about the phosphates when they're being added to the adenosine base

Answer 32

The more you add; the higher amounts of energy each one carries - third phosphate has the most energy

Question 33

What are other ways of producing ATP other than the breakdown of food?

Answer 33

Creatine Phosphate, Anaerobic Glycolysis, Aerobic Glycolysis

Question 34

How does anaerobic glycolysis work?

Answer 34

Through glycolysis it makes a minimal amount of ATP only because it does not use oxygen - hence anaerobic

Question 35

Without a mitochondria can cells still produce ATP?

Answer 35

Yes; Glycolysis happens in the cytosol so ATP is formed but it's not enough energy to keep the cells going

Question 36

Which system makes the most ATP?

Answer 36

Aerobic Glycolysis

Question 37

How is Aerobic Glycolysis different from Anaerobic?

Answer 37

Includes the use of the mitochondria and other stages such as Krebs and ETC; also the use of oxygen

Question 38

When is Creatine Phosphate commonly used?

Answer 38

In cells that need a lot of energy and need it quickly

Question 39

Why would cells need CP so quickly?

Answer 39

In a life or death situation where you have expended a lot of your ATP, CP will come in and provide the substrate needed to rapidly produce ATP and give the organism (us) energy to keep moving

Question 40

How is creatine phosphate used to make ATP

Answer 40

When the cells have a rapid need for energy and there is hardly any ATP, CP will offer up it's phosphate to ADP molecules.

Question 41

What enzyme is required for CP +ADP => C + ATP

Answer 41

Creatine Kinase

Question 42

Where is Creatine Phosphate stored?

Answer 42

Cytoplasm

Question 43

Do muscle cells use CP

Answer 43

CP is in fact used in muscle cells, but it is stored for emergency purposes

Question 44

When happens when the ATP reaches its threshold? (Too much ATP produced)

Answer 44

When your body reaches a certain threshold of ATP, the phosphate gets transferred to Creatine making CP and storing it.

Question 45

How much more CP than ATP is stored when resting

Answer 45

When the body is at rest, it stores 5x more CP than ATP

Question 46

How much ATP does 1 glucose grant?

Answer 46

32 ATP in total