Module 1 (Macromolecules)

Question 1

________: a _____ molecule that can _______ bind to other similar molecules to form a larger molecule called a polymer

Answer 1

Monomer, small, covalently

Question 2

________: _____ number of monomers covalently bonded together (made up of ONLY ____ ____of monomer!)

Answer 2

Polymer, ONE TYPE

Question 3

_______: any very large organic molecule, usually made up of smaller molecules called monomers that are covalently bonded to a polymer

Answer 3

Macromolecule

Question 4

________ functions:
- ______ storage for metabolism
- ______ component

Answer 4

Carbohydrates, energy, structural

Question 5

Carbohydrates are classified into three major groups: m______, d______, and p______

Answer 5

Monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides

Question 6

M_______: can exist as linear chains or as ring structures. Have many _______ (same chemical formula, different atom arrangements).

Can classify them based on the position of the c______ g______ (see image in OneNote). Can also be classified based on the ______ of carbon atoms in the chain

Answer 6

Monosaccharides, isomers, carbonyl group, number

Question 7

Same chemical formula, different atom arrangements

Answer 7

Isomer

Question 8

Examples of monosaccharides: r_____ and g______

Answer 8

Ribose and glucose

Question 9

For monosaccharides, if the carbonyl is at the end of the carbon chain, it’s a____ (commonly found in plants). If the carbonyl is within the carbon chain, it’s k_____ (commonly found in processed food)

Answer 9

Aldose, ketose

Question 10

The covalent bonds that join two monosaccharides are known as

Answer 10

Glycosidic bonds

Question 11

Glycosidic bonds between monosaccharides produces a d_______, and a w_____ m_____ is removed (dehydration r______)

Answer 11

Disaccharide, water molecule, reaction

Question 12

P________: Long c____ of monomers linked by glycosidic bonds. Can also be referred to as glycans

Answer 12

Polysaccharides, chain

Question 13

A______ and b______ bonds in polysaccharides can change the structure of the polymer through their l______

Answer 13

Alpha, beta, linkages

Question 14

N______ A_______: the two major types include ribonucleic acids (______) and deoxyribonucleic acids (______)

Answer 14

Nucleic Acids, RNA, DNA

Question 15

______ use either DNA or RNA as their genetic material (never both)

Answer 15

Viruses

Question 16

DNA Function: i______ s______

Answer 16

Information storage

Question 17

RNA Function: involved in p_____ s______

Answer 17

Protein synthesis

Question 18

Nucleotides are comprised of three components: a p_______ g_____, a p_____ sugar, and a n______ b____

Answer 18

Phosphate group, pentose, nitrogenous base

Question 19

Nucleotide nitrogen bases are ______, but nucleotides themselves are _______ because the phosphate group and pentose sugar are __________

Answer 19

Hydrophobic, hydrophilic, hydrophilic

Question 20

P______ b______: bond between nucleotides, creates a water molecule
http://tinyurl.com/3km7jfz5

Answer 20

Phosphodiester bond

Question 21

L______: largely _____, they form very little hydrogen bonds with water, therefore ______ in water

Answer 21

Lipids, nonpolar, insoluble

Question 22

Lipids are unique in that there are n_ c______ bonds formed between monomers of lipids to form them

Answer 22

No covalent

Question 23

Three kinds of lipids with three different functions: T_______ - e____ s_____ (fat cells)

Answer 23

Triacylglycerol, energy storage

Question 24

Three kinds of lipids with three different functions: P_______ - formation of biological m______

Answer 24

Phospholipid, membranes

Question 25

Three kinds of lipids with three different functions: S_____ - s_____ molecules

Answer 25

Steroid, signaling

Question 26

____ ______: Part of the triacylglycerol family, two types: saturated and unsaturated

Answer 26

Fatty Acids

Question 27

_______ fatty acids do not have double bonds in the carbon chain and are therefore saturated with ______

Answer 27

Saturated, hydrogen

Question 28

_______ fatty acids contain one or more carbon-carbon _____ _____

Answer 28

Unsaturated, double bonds

Question 29

Which fatty acid is viscous? http://tinyurl.com/23hxz87b

Answer 29

Saturated

Question 30

There are two types of unsaturated fatty acids: c___, which is p_____ derived, and t___, which are a______ made

Answer 30

Cis, plant, trans, artificially

Question 31

T________: formed by the addition of t____ fatty acid chains to glycerol. Basically a _____ fatty acid plus a _____ glycerol

Answer 31

Triacylglycerol, nonpolar, polar

Question 32

Function of triacylglycerol: e_____ s_____ in the form of fat cells

Answer 32

Energy storage

Question 33

V____ ___ ______ ____: a very weak interaction between molecules that is due to temporary chances attracting atoms that are very close together

Answer 33

Van der Waals force

Question 34

Van der Waal forces are very weak, but many acting together help to s______ m______

Answer 34

stabilize molecules

Question 35

P_______: have two major regions, one is h_______ and the other is _______

Answer 35

Phospholipid, hydrophilic, hydrophobic

Question 36

In phospholipids, the hydrophilic region always makes contact with the a______ environment. It's also known as the p____ h____ group

Answer 36

Aqueous, polar head

Question 37

In phospholipids, the hydrophobic region always makes contact with the fatty acid t_____ of a a different p_______

Answer 37

Tails, phospholipid

Question 38

Because phospholipids have both hydrophobic and hydrophilic properties on the same molecule, it is known as an a_______ molecule

Answer 38

Amphipathic

Question 39

Phospholipids make phospholipid b_____ that are the basis of biological m______

Answer 39

Bilayers, membranes

Question 40

Phospholipids only have t___ fatty acids. They can be of ______ composition, including saturated and unsaturated. Instead of a third fatty acid, there is a p_____ h_____ g_____. This can vary from one type of membrane to another

Answer 40

Two, different, polar head group

Question 41

Phospholipid structures: l_____ has a b______ while micelle does not

Answer 41

Liposome, bilayer

Question 42

S______: mostly composed of n______ bonds, h______ fused 4-ring structure

Answer 42

Steroids, nonpolar, hydrophobic

Question 43

Function of steroids

Answer 43

Signaling molecules