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Anatomy & Physiology Module 1 > Module 1: Overview of Physiology and Major Systems of the Body > Flashcards

Module 1: Overview of Physiology and Major Systems of the Body Flashcards

1
Q

What are anatomy and physiology

A

Anatomy and physiology are studies of how the human body works

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2
Q

What does Anatomy focus on?

A

Anatomy focuses on the structure of the body and how it is designed

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3
Q

What does Physiology focus on?

A

physiology looks at how the body functions

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4
Q

What does physiology depend on?

A

Anatomy.

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5
Q

The physiology of how the organs function depends on what ?

A

The structure of the bones

bones are hard structures made of mineral deposits that protect the organs from damage

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6
Q

The human body has many levels of organization. Name three.

A

chemical level, cellular level, tissue level

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7
Q

Studying the human body at the chemical level is to look at what?

A

The Chemical Level looks at atoms, which are the smallest building blocks of matter

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8
Q

Atoms combine to form what?

A

Molecules

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9
Q

What do molecules combine to form?

A

Macromolecules (such as proteins and nucleic acids).

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10
Q

What do Macromolecules combine to form?

A

Organelles (working structures) inside of each human cell.

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11
Q

Name two examples of organelles.

A

The nucleus and mitochondria of the cell.

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12
Q

What are the smallest units of living organisms?

A

Cells.

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13
Q

There are many different types of cells in the body that perform various functions; together, they form what?

A

The Tissue Level

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14
Q

Name the six levels of organization in the human body.

A 
CHEMICAL
CELLULAR
TISSUE
ORGAN
ORGAN SYSTEMS
ORGANISM
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15
Q

What are tissues?

Name the 4 basic tissue types in the human body.

A

Tissues are groups of cells that perform a common function. The four basic tissue types in the human body are:
1. epithelium tissue
2. muscle tissue
3. connective tissue
4. nervous tissue
each of which is made up of specific cell types that perform specific functions.

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16
Q

What does the Epithelial tissue cover?

Name two tasks of the cells that make up the Epithelial tissue.

A

Epithelial tissue covers the body surface and lines the cavities of the body.

The cells are specialized for tasks such as

1) secretion and
2) absorption.

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17
Q

What is the structure of the Epithelial tissue?

What are the cells constantly doing?

A

Closely packed cells with very little matrix (layer outside the cells). 1 layer or many layers.

Cells are under constant cell division to replace dead cells that shed away.

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18
Q

What does Muscle Tissue help us do?

What do the cells that make up the muscle tissue do?

A

Muscle tissue helps us move.

The cells help muscle contraction.

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19
Q

What does Connective Tissue do?

What do the cells that make up Connective Tissue do?

A

Supports and protects body organs and includes bones, tendons, blood, and ligaments.

Connective tissue cells bind tissues together and play a supportive role.

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20
Q

What tissue is responsible for communication between cell of the body?

A

Nervous tissue

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21
Q

How does Nervous Tissue work?

A

Nervous Tissue forms a system of electrical impulses that communicate very rapidly. Nerves are like the “wiring” of the body.

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22
Q

What is structure level of the body that Tissues make up?

A

organ structure level

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23
Q

What are some examples of organs of the body?

A

Examples of organs are the liver, brain, lungs, heart, and kidneys.

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24
Q

Organs carry on extremely complex functions. Organs will work together to accomplish necessary functions.
Describe an example of how the heart and blood vessels work together.

A

The heart and the blood vessels that make up the cardiovascular system circulate blood continuously to carry oxygen and nutrients to all the cells that make up the body.

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25
Q

What is the next level after Organs?

A

The next level is that of organ systems.

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26
Q

What are some examples of Organ Systems? (name 11 of them)

A

Examples of organ systems are the

  1. cardiovascular system,
  2. integumentary system,
  3. skeletal system,
  4. muscular system,
  5. nervous system,
  6. endocrine system,
  7. lymphatic system,
  8. respiratory system,
  9. digestive system,
  10. urinary system,
  11. reproductive system
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27
Q

What do all of these organ systems form?

A

These organ systems form the organism, a living thing.

28
Q

So, what are some of the necessary functions that keep us alive?

A

We are multicellular organisms requiring all organs functioning at full capacity to keep us alive.

29
Q

What is the Integumentary system made up of?

A

Integumentary system: layers that make up our “skin.”

30
Q

Name the 3 layers that make up the skin.

A

Skin is made up of the
epidermis (outer layer)
dermis (middle layer)
hypodermis (inner, also called subcutaneous tissue layer).

31
Q

What is the hypodermis layer and what does it help?

A

The hypodermis is a layer made mostly of fat that helps anchor the dermis to a layer of fat cells.

32
Q

What do the Adipocytes (fat cells) help do?

A

Adipocytes (fat cells) help to insulate and regulate body temperature. Skin forms the external body covering and protects the deeper tissues from injury.

33
Q

what vitamin does the Integumentary system produce? And what does the Integumentary system contain?

A

The integumentary system produces vitamin D.

contains PAIN & PRESSURE RECEPTORS used in our protection.

34
Q

What is the important role that our skin plays?

A

Our skin plays an important role in protecting our internal organs from extreme temperature changes. Sweat glands and oil glands can also be found here.

35
Q

If the integumentary system is damaged and microbes or chemicals make their way into the body, which other system mounts the attack to defend our internal environment?

A

The Lymphatic system

36
Q

What does the Skeletal System do? (name 4 functions)

A

Skeletal System

  • serves as the framework for the muscular system
  • supports the body organs.
  • provides protection for internal organs and houses blood cells as well as stores minerals.
  • The skeletal system provides the framework for which the muscles attach.
37
Q

Which system provides movement of the body?

Describe how.

A

Muscular System.

1) Muscles attach to bones to bring movement to the skeletal system.
2) Groups of muscles contract and relax in complex coordination to allow us to perform all our daily activities.

38
Q

Name three types of muscle fibers.

A

1) cardiac
2) skeletal
3) smooth

39
Q

What does the Nervous System do?

How does it do what it does?

A

Provides internal communication among the cells of the body.

Our nervous system uses electrical impulses to communicate within the body and enable the body to respond to the internal and external environments.

40
Q

Name 3 key components of the Nervous System.

A

Key components of the nervous system:

  • Brain
  • Spinal cord
  • Nerves
41
Q

The Digestive System:

  • breaks down food into small molecules
  • then the molecules enter the bloodstream through the small intestine
  • and supplies the body with ________.
A

NUTRIENTS

42
Q

What is the name of the canal from mouth to anus?

A

Alimentary canal (from mouth to anus)

43
Q

What are the four tissue layers of the Alimentary Canal?

A

and four tissue layers (mucosa, submucosa, muscularis, serosa)

44
Q

What is the Endocrine System made up of?

A

Made up of glands

45
Q

The Endocrine system is made up of glands.

What do the glands make?

A

These glands make hormones, which regulate the reproductive system AND metabolism

46
Q

Name two primary Endocrine glands:

Reminder: Endocrine System is made up of glands that make HORMONES, which regulate the reproductive system and the metabolism of body

A

Primary endocrine organs:

  1. THYROID GLAND
  2. ADRENAL GLANDS
47
Q

What is Metabolism?

A

Metabolism is all the chemical reactions that take place in the body that enable us to function.

48
Q

Re: Endocrine system (made up of glands)

_________ is the breakdown of substances into their simpler building blocks.

Is it:

a) Metabolism
b) Catabolism
c) Anabolism

A

B) Catabolism

is the breakdown of substances into their simpler building blocks.

49
Q

What is Anabolism?

A

Anabolism is the synthesizing of more complex structures from simpler ones.

50
Q

What does Cellular Respiration make?

A

Cellular respiration uses these more complex structures along with oxygen to make ATP.

51
Q

What is ATP?

A

ATP is a very energy-rich molecule that powers cellular activities, allowing cells to have the energy needed to carry out their functions.

Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is the source of energy for use and storage at the cellular level.

52
Q

What are the three steps of how ATP is created from a glucose molecule?

A

Step 1: GLYCOSIS: the body breaks down a glucose molecule (with six carbon atoms) into 2 pyruvic acid molecules, creating two ATP molecules.

Step 2: CITRIC ACID CYCLE: the body breaks down the pyruvic acid molecules to create 2 more ATP molecules and release electrons.

3) ELECTRON TRANSPORT SYSTEM. the body uses electrons to produce most of its ATP.

53
Q

How many ATP can be created from just one glucose molecule to fuel cellular processes?

A

In total, this process can create up to 38 ATP from one glucose molecule to fuel cellular processes.

54
Q

Which system is made up of blood vessels that move blood, oxygen, and nutrients throughout the body.

A

The Cardiovascular System

55
Q

What are the names of the two blood vessels that move blood?

A

Veins

Arteries

56
Q

What is the Lymphatic System responsible for? (name two)

A

Responsible for immunity and fighting off disease. The lymphatic system is also a part of the circulatory system. It has a complex network of vessels and nodes that allow for the excess fluid to drain back to the heart.

57
Q

Name two major organs of the Lymphatic System.

A

Major organs of lymphatic system:

1) thymus
2) spleen (lymph vessels and lymph nodes)

58
Q

Which System is Involved in excretion of the waste CO2, which is a byproduct of metabolism?

(Hint: This system also keeps blood supplied with oxygen).

A

The Respiratory System

59
Q

What does the Urinary System do?

A
  • EXCRETION of waste from the body.

- Regulates water and electrolyte balance in the blood.

60
Q

Which 3 systems help MOVE nutrients and waste THROUGH the body?

Which 3 systems REMOVE waste from the body?(ALSO CALLED EXCRETION)?

A

THROUGH THE BODY:
Cardiovascular system, digestive system, and urinary system

WASTE REMOVAL (EXCRETION)
Digestive, urinary system, and respiratory systems.
61
Q

The actual ability to remove waste from the body is known as __________ and is carried out by the digestive, urinary, and respiratory systems.

A

Excretion

62
Q

What is the name of the functional unit of the Kidney? (starts with “N”)

What does it process to form urine for excretion?

A

The Nephron is the functional unit of the kidney.

Processes blood plasma to form urine for excretion.

63
Q

Male and female reproductive systems are responsible for doing what?

A

Responsible for creating new life.

64
Q

The reproductive system involves cellular ________ in which the original cell divides. What do the divided cells produce?

A

The reproductive system involves cellular REPRODUCTION in which the original cell divides, producing two identical daughter cells that are often used for body growth or repair.

65
Q

In human reproduction, a male sperm cell unites with an oocyte (egg) and fertilizes it to form a baby within the mother’s uterus.

The reproductive system is controlled by what?

A

The reproductive system is controlled by HORMONES from the Endocrine System.

66
Q

The sperm and the oocyte come together to form a new cell called ________.

What does this new cell carry?

A

Zygote.

Zygote carries the entire genetic code necessary to form a baby.

Anatomy & Physiology Module 1 (5 decks)

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