Module 1, Part 1 of 2

Question 1

Isotope

Answer 1

Atom of an element but with different number of neutrons:

ex. Carbon12 has 6 neutrons, Carbon 13 has 7 neutrons

Question 2

RadioIsotope

Answer 2

atoms that contain an unstable combination of neutrons and protons, or excess energy in their nucleus.

Question 3

Radiation

Answer 3

Can alter DNA - specifically dangerous to pregnant people as fetus’ cells are dividing rapidly as baby develops so exposure can lead to massive effects in baby

Question 4

Teratology

Answer 4

The study of birth defects

Question 5

Case Study: 10mg of Iodine-131 given to pt. with hyperthyrodism - half life of iodine-131 is 8 days, so how much is left after 24 days

Answer 5

1.25 mg left
10/2 (half life) then divided by 2 3 times (24 days of 8 periods so 3 times)

Question 6

Element

Answer 6

substance composed of only 1 kind of atom that can’t be split into simpler substances

Question 7

Molecule

Answer 7

2 or more atoms of the same element or atoms of 2 or more different elements

Question 8

Compound

Answer 8

2 or more different elements

Question 9

Diclectin

Answer 9

given for nausea during pregnancy

Question 10

3 Types of Chemical Bonds

Answer 10

covalent(strongest), ionic and hydrogen bonds (weakest)

Question 11

Ionic Bonds

Answer 11

form electrostatic attraction between oppositely charged ions due to gaining or losing electrons
-cation = losing electron (+)
-anion = gaining electron (-)

Question 12

Covalent Bonds

Answer 12

result from sharing electrons –> triple bonds is stronger than sharing 1 electron

Question 13

Hydrogen Bond

Answer 13

result from attraction of oppositely charged parts of a molecule, occur when hydrogen has a partial positive charge and is bonded to electronegative atom (N, O or F)

Question 14

Electrolytes

Answer 14

-create action potentials
-involved in ion exchange
-affect amount of H2O in body
-blood acidity
–> calcium, chloride, magnesium, potassium, sodium, phosphorus
-vommiting, dehydration, extreme exercise, sweating, diarrhea, alcohol, diet changes and kidney problems can alter amount of electrolytes in body

Question 15

Electrolyte example: KCl

Answer 15

an ionic bond –> give/take electron results in +/- attraction to each other

potassium:
-major cation in cells
-necessary for many functions especially heartbeat and muscle functions
-one electron in valence shell - will lose it and become +1

chlorine:
-major anion in cells
-balances fluid in blood
-7 electrons in valence shell, will gain one and become -1

Question 16

Magnesium Supplementation in Pregnancy

Answer 16

-regulates body temp
-maintains muscular contraction
-helps protein synthesis
-reduce pre-eclmpisa (high bp and protein in urine)
-increase birth weight

Question 17

Covalent Bond Example

Answer 17

If nitrogen (5 valence e-) and hydrogen (1 valence e-) were to form a compound via covalent bonds, draw it.

(3 hydrogens bounded to a nitrogen)

NH3 ammonia
-polar covalent compound

Question 18

Polar

Answer 18

one end of molecule is +ve, other end is -ve

-unequal sharing of e- (some elements are more electronegative and pull electrons towards themselves)

Question 19

Cohesion

Answer 19

Tendency for particles to stay together

Question 20

Surface Tension

Answer 20

Force it takes to break something apart

Question 21

Alveoli

Answer 21

alveoli (air sacs where O2 and CO2 exchange happens)

Question 22

Alveoli and Surface Tension

Answer 22

alveoli can sometimes collapse in newborns (respiratory distress syndrome)
-surfactant lowers surface tension so h2o molecules arent coming together and compressing outside of alveoli
-surfactant is lipids and proteins
-atelectasis = lung collapse
-The hydrophilic heads of the surfactant molecules face the aqueous layer lining the alveoli, while the hydrophobic tails face the air.

Question 23

Respiratory Distress Syndrome in Newborns

Answer 23

-alveoli collapse
-because lungs have not produced enough surfactant
-surfactant keeps lungs inflated and surface area increased
-surfactant is produced by type 2 alveolar cells
-surfactant gets in between hydrogen bonds so it takes less force to breathe and weakens surface tension
-newborns don’t have enough force to break hydrogen bonds

Question 24

Number of protons

Answer 24

is atomic number

Question 25

Neutrons =

Answer 25

mass-atomic number

Question 26

electrons =

Answer 26

electrons = protons/atmoic number