Module 3, Part 1 of 1

Question 1

DNA:

Answer 1

-genetic information of cell
-makes us who we are
-C, G, A, T
-double stranded
-pentose deoxyribose (5 C sugar)
-hardwired in nucleus

Question 2

RNA:

Answer 2

-Messenger RNA
-Transport RNA
-Ribosomal RNA
-single stranded
-moveable copy
-C, G, A, U
-U takes T’s place
-pentose ribose (5 C sugar)

Question 3

Messenger RNA - mRNA

Answer 3

to carry protein information from the DNA in a cell’s nucleus to the cell’s cytoplasm

Question 4

Transport RNA - tRNA

Answer 4

function of tRNA during protein synthesis is to bring amino acids to the ribosome

Question 5

Ribosomal RNA - rRNA

Answer 5

reading the order of amino acids and linking amino acids together

Question 6

DNA to Protein: IPAD

Answer 6

-transcription (RNA polymerase)
-mRNA exits nucleus because we don’t make proteins in nucleus, heads to cytoplasm
-free floating amino acids in cytoplasm, tRNA brings amino acids to ribosome
-ribosomes incorporate amino acids into growing protein chain in 3 base pairs at a time

Question 7

Cell Membrane Components:

Answer 7

-cholesterol: modulates the bilayer structure of biological membranes in multiple ways. It changes the fluidity, thickness, compressibility, water penetration
-phospholipids (barrier)
-protein linkers (gives structure to cell)
-channel or carrier proteins
-ion channels
-receptors
-enzymes
-cell identity markers

Question 8

How Molecules get Across Cell Membrane:

Answer 8

-charge gradient (inside of cell is more -ve)
-simple diffusion (from high to low concentration)
-osmosis
-hydrostatic pressure

Question 9

Glycolysis:

Answer 9

-break down of glucose

Question 10

Glycogenesis

Answer 10

-making new glycogen from glucose

Question 11

Glycogenolysis:

Answer 11

-breakdown of glycogen to get glucose

Question 12

Gluconeogenesis:

Answer 12

-manufacture of glucose from other substrates such as lipids and proteins

Question 13

What do we Need to Know About Glycolysis:

Answer 13

=breakdownof glucose into energy

Glucose (6C) → (lose 2 atp) → intermediate → gain 4 atp, 2 NADH → 2 pyruvic acid (3C)
-net gain of 2 atp and 2 NADH which can be used by the mitochondrial electron transport chain to make more ATP
-pyruvate is another word for pyruvic acid

Question 14

Aerobic:

Answer 14

-if oxygen is present, pyruvate enters mitochondria
-pyruvate dehydrogenase converts it into a 2-C acetyl group (one NADH made, CO2 removed)
-next step is to form acetyl coenzyme A
-acetylCoA can enter krebs cycle to produce E as 2atp, nadh, fadh2, co2
-atc makes 32-34 atp from each glucose molecule (H2O, CO2 as well)

Question 15

Anaerobic

Answer 15

Anaerobic:
-H+ added to pyruvate to form lactic acid - why we get sore muscles after exercise
-no energy generated, uses NADH
-lactic acid can go into blood and be used in liver to make pyruvic acid

Question 16

Glycogenesis: (when we have too much glucose in blood)

Answer 16

=making gylcogen
-excess glucose is stored as glycogen
-this process is stimulated by insulin (lack of insulin or non-responsiveness-diabetes)
-glycogen (polysaccharide) is the only form of carbs stored in the body
-this occurs in the liver and skeletal muscle
-requires hexokinase and ATP

Question 17

Glycogenolysis: (when we need ATP):

Answer 17

-glycogen in liver/muscle nis broken down to glucose
-npt an exact reverse of glycogenesis process (need phosphorylases and phosphatases)
-stimulated by glucagon and epinephrine

Question 18

Gluconeogenesis: (when we have no glucose or glycogen but need energy)

Answer 18

-stimulated by cortisol (breakdown of protein into amino acids) and glucagon
-occurs if there isn’t enough glycogen
-can make pyruvic acid from lactic acid or certain amino acids
-can make an intermediate (glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate) from glycerol
-end result is glucose production and can then produce E from the glucose

Question 19

Gestational Diabetes:

Answer 19

-macrosomia (baby gets fat) → possible birth interventions needed
-pregnant person isn’t making enough insulin
-placental hormones increase late in pregnancy which interferes with insulin

Question 20

Lipolysis:

Answer 20

lipids stored in the adipose tissue or liver and can be oxidised to make ATP

Question 21

Lipogenesis:

Answer 21

excess calories can be stored by liver or adipose cells as lipids

Question 22

Lipolysis:
(lipid catabolism)

Answer 22

Triglycerides → (lipase) → glycerol + fatty acids
Stimulated by epinephrine, norepinephrine and cortisol

Question 23

Ketogenesis: (too much acetyl CoA)

Answer 23

-process in slides
-results in Increased H+ in blood, metabolic acidosis (pH falls), ketonuria (high ketones in urine), fruity breath, need glucose

Question 24

Lipogenesis (Lipid Anabolism):

Answer 24

-stimulated by insulin
-liver/adipose cells make lipids if we consume more calories than we need

Question 25

Protein Metabolism:

Answer 25

-insulin stimulates protein uptake by cells -protein is not stored for future se -liver cells can convert aa to substances that can enter krebs cycle -this is not a good source of energy

Question 26

Module 3 in Class, slide 19

Answer 26

Ties all above concepts together

Question 27

Vitamins:

Answer 27

-co factors for enzymes -2 classes: water soluble and lipid soluble -lipid soluble: A, D, E, K (adek) -lipid soluble can be stored if you have too much (beneficial or drawbacks)

Question 28

Abnormal Urine:

Answer 28

-high white blood cells → UTI, kidney infection -high ketones → diabetes, -blood in urine → trauma, tumour, UTI, kidney stones, menstruation -proteinuria → pregnancy induced hypertension, pre-eclampsia, kidney disease -high urobilinogen → hepatitis (liver disease), pernicious anaemia, -high bilirubin → liver disease -high glucose → diabetes, kidney disease -nitrite → UTI

Question 29

Liver Functions:

Answer 29

-detox of alcohol and drugs -bilirubin conjugation -storage site -fat soluble vitamin storage -protein anabolism/catabolism