Module 1 - Research Techniques & Relational Approach

Question 1

TRUE OR FALSE:

The purpose of experimental design is to maximize extraneous or uncontrolled variation, thereby increasing the likelihood that an experiment will produce valid, consistent results.

Answer 1

FALSE; to minimize

Question 2

The effect of the early part of the experiment on the later part of the experiment varies depending on which treatment comes first.

Answer 2

Differential Carryover Effects

Question 3

TRUE OR FALSE

Within Subject Design is more efficient, since each subject is compared with himself or herself.

Answer 3

TRUE

Question 3

TRUE OR FALSE

In any between-subjects design, the experimenter must try to minimize differences among the subjects in the two or more treatment groups.

Answer 3

TRUE

Question 4

TRUE OR FALSE:

The between-subjects (two groups) design is conservative.

Answer 4

TRUE

Question 5

It calls for you to divide participants by halves

Answer 5

Between Subject Design

Question 6

It has all thirty subjects learning with both levels of the independent variable

Answer 6

Within Subject Design

Question 7

TRUE OR FALSE

The effect of the first treatment on the second treatment differs depending on which treatment came first.

Answer 7

TRUE

Question 8

Types of Carryover Effects

Participants perform better during later treatment conditions because they’ve had time to practice and improve.

Answer 8

Practice Effect

Question 9

Types of Carryover Effects

Participants perform worse during later treatment conditions because they’re tired or fatigued from previous treatment conditions.

Answer 9

Fatigue Effect

Question 10

Can be controlled largely through counterbalancing, the experimenter determines the order in which treatments should be given to subjects.

Answer 10

General Practice Effects

Question 11

TRUE OR FALSE

Small n-Designs is rare in psychophysical, clinical, and operant-conditioning research.

Answer 11

FALSE; it is common

Question 12

TRUE OR FALSE

Counterbalancing eliminates the effects of order.

Answer 12

FALSE; it does not eliminate

Question 13

It is not as efficient or economical as a pure-within subjects’ design, but it is often safer.

Answer 13

Mixed Design

Question 14

It present the levels of the independent variable or treatments to a small number of subjects or a single subject

Answer 14

Small-n Designs

Question 15

TRUE OR FALSE

Experiments need not be exclusively of within-subjects or between-subjects design.

Answer 15

TRUE

Question 16

TRUE OR FALSE

The important characteristic of a control condition is the fact that it does not provide a baseline against which some variable of interest can be compared.

Answer 16

FALSE; it provides a baseline

Question 16

This implies that each independent variable must vary either in amount (quantitative variation) or in kind (qualitative variation) within the experiment.

Answer 16

Control Conditions

Question 16

TRUE OR FALSE:

Mixed design is used, in which some variable is imposed between subjects to see its effect across a second, within-subjects variable.

Answer 16

TRUE

Question 17

TRUE OR FALSE

Independent variables must be varied (or manipulated) by the experimenter.

Answer 17

TRUE

Question 18

The data that are related come from naturally occurring events and do not result from direct manipulation by the researcher.

Answer 18

Ex Post Facto Data

Question 19

Attempts to determine how two or more variables are related to each other.

Answer 19

Relational Approach

Question 20

Something that can be measured or manipulated.

Answer 20

Variable

Question 21

Data on two variables are compared to see whether the values of one variable depend on the values of the other.

Answer 21

Contingency Research

Question 21

A tabular presentation of all combinations of categories of two variables, which allows the relationships between the two to be examined.

Answer 21

Contingency Table

Question 21

Allows the researcher to determine simultaneously the degree and direction of a relationship with a single statistic.

Answer 21

Correlational Research

Question 22

Measures the degree and direction of the relationship between two variables

Answer 22

Correlation Coefficient

Question 23

Usually composed of several complex and interacting parts, any one or set of which may cause some effect.

Answer 23

Manipulated Variable

Question 24

**TRUE OR FALSE:** Correlation Coefficient varies in between -1.00 through .00 to +1.00 but not exactly

Answer 24

TRUE

Question 25

**TRUE OR FALSE:** It is **not important** to put the appropriate sign in front of the correlation coefficient, otherwise one cannot know which way the two variables are related, positively or negatively.

Answer 25

**FALSE;** it is important