Module 1 - Week 2 Flashcards by Jullana Bareng

It is a condition or characteristic that varies, taking on different levels, categories, or values.

Variable

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TRUE OR FALSE:

Variables can be grouped into quantitative and qualitative variables.

TRUE

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Differences in the value of a variable from observation to observation.

Variability

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Represent groups or categories and cannot be numerically ordered

Qualitative Variables

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Measured numerically and ordered using a score

Quantitative Variables

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TRUE OR FALSE:

Numerical are categorical and cannot be ordered in a meaningful way, whereas qualitative variables can be meaningfully ordered.

FALSE

NUMERICAL - can be meaningfully ordered.

QUALITATIVE - categorical and cannot be ordered in a meaningful way.

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A description of a variable in observable, measurable terms.

Operational Definition

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TRUE OR FALSE:

After identifying a variable and confirming its operational definition, the next important step is to measure it.

TRUE

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Are often used interchangeably, but these concepts carry different meanings in research.

Reliability and Validity

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The act of assigning a value or score to some behavior, event, or physiological state.

Measurement

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TRUE OR FALSE:

For more well-defined variables, psychologists may use sets of questions, behavior rubrics, or physiological measures to operationalize a variable.

FALSE; for less well-defined variables

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relates to the consistency of a measure

Reliability

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relates to the accuracy a measure

Validity

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Give the two aspects of measurement that must be considered when measuring a psychological variable

Validity is how accurate the measures are with respect to the psychological construct.
Reliability is how consistent the measures are.

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TRUE OR FALSE:

Regardless of the type of measurement, issues of reliability and validity are not important aspects of research.

FALSE; it is important

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TRUE OR FALSE:

It is critical to scientific research to determine whether the findings from previous studies hold true with different participants and sometimes with varying circumstances by repeating the survey.

TRUE

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Repeating a study that has already been completed.

Replication

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The efforts were made to follow the same procedures as the original research with a new group of participants.

Direct Replication

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Replicating the original study and extending the findings by adding new variables to answer additional questions.

Replication with Extension

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Researchers test the hypothesis from the original study using different methods.

Conceptual Replication

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Also called systematic replication studies

Conceptual Replication

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MULTIPLE CHOICE:

Determine if the Operational Definition is Similarity or Attraction

Hypothesis: Those with similar personality traits will spend more time together.

Operational Definition: Number of Shared Personality Traits

Operational Definition of Similarity

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TRUE OR FALSE:

In Direct Replication, a similar result means consistency.

TRUE

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MULTIPLE CHOICE:

Determine if the Operational Definition is Similarity or Attraction

Hypothesis: People with similar physical fitness will hold each other’s attention longer.

Operational Definition: Duration of Direct Eye Gaze

Operational Definition of Attraction

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**MULTIPLE CHOICE:** Determine if the Operational Definition is Similarity or Attraction **Hypothesis:** A couple with similar social skills will have a healthy romantic relationship. **Operational Definition:** Length of Relationship

Operational Definition of Attraction

Defines and describes the research hypothesis or question(s), along with the broad method that will be used to solve the problem.

Statement of the Problem

What are the elements of SOP?

* General Problem * Specific Problem

It is consistent as the opening of SOP

General Problem

**TRUE OR FALSE:** A **formulated SOP** sets the stage for the rest of the study, including how we will address the problem and any anticipated outcomes or answers.

TRUE

Questions that a research project aims to answer that will be answerable in a Question form.

Specific Problem

What are the steps in formulating a SOP?

* Go back to your title * Identify the main research problem * General Problem * Specific Problem

**IDENTIFICATION:** Determine the steps of scientific method based on the given situation: A student notices that studying in one large block of time does not help her remember the material.

Observe a Phenomenon

**IDENTIFICATION:** Determine the steps of scientific method based on the given situation: She makes the prediction: "Studying for 10 minutes daily will lead to recall of more material than studying for 70 minutes once."

Form a Hypothesis

**IDENTIFICATION:** Determine the steps of scientific method based on the given situation: She wonders, "Will I understand my notes better if I review them each day or at the end of the week?"

Ask a Question

**IDENTIFICATION:** Determine the steps of scientific method based on the given situation: She looks for past research that tested various study techniques and measured learning.

Review the Literature

**IDENTIFICATION:** Determine the steps of scientific method based on the given situation: In Week 1, five participants study for 10 minutes each day and then take the Chapter 1 quiz. During Week 2, the same participants study for 70 minutes in one sitting and then take the Chapter 2 quiz.

Test the Hypothesis

**IDENTIFICATION:** Determine the steps of scientific method based on the given situation: She concludes that spreading out studying over the week was more effective than studying in a large block of time.

Draw Conclusions

**IDENTIFICATION:** Determine the steps of scientific method based on the given situation: She compares the differences in percentage of questions answered correctly between weeks 1 and 2.

Analyze the Data

A **tentative prediction** about the result of the study.

Hypothesis

**TRUE OR FALSE:** If the result of the experiment is the **EXACT OPPOSITE OF THE HYPOTHESIS,** then the hypothesis is **REJECTED.**

TRUE

**TYPES OF HYPOTHESIS** Formulated when predicting a relationship between an independent variable and a dependent variable.

Simple Hypothesis

Give **1 characteristics** of Hypothesis

- States the relationship between variables - Testable - Derived from the problem statement - Simple and concise

**TYPES OF HYPOTHESIS** Formulated when predicting the relationship of two or more independent variables to two or more dependent variables.

Complex Hypothesis

**TYPES OF HYPOTHESIS** Specifies not only the existence but also the expected direction of the relationship between the independent and dependent variables.

Directional Hypothesis

**TYPES OF HYPOTHESIS** Does not stipulate the direction of relationship between the independent and dependent variable.

Non-Directional Hypothesis

**TYPES OF HYPOTHESIS** Formulated for the purpose of statistical analysis. Always expressed as a negative statement.

Null Hypothesis

**SITUATIONAL** Determine the type of hypothesis used in the example below. Peer tutoring has no significant effect to student’s mathematical skills

Null Hypothesis

What are the commonly used in Experimental Quantitative?

- Null Hypothesis - Alternate Hypothesis

**SITUATIONAL** Determine the type of hypothesis used in the example below. The stress level of college students is related to the academic difficulty of their courses.

Simple Hypothesis

**SITUATIONAL** Determine the type of hypothesis used in the example below. The teaching methodology and hours of study of students have no relationship with the result of the final exam.

Complex Hypothesis

**SITUATIONAL** Determine the type of hypothesis used in the example below. The types of TikTok advertisement positively affect the level of buying power of consumers.

Directional Hypothesis

**SITUATIONAL** Determine the type of hypothesis used in the example below. The number of hours reviewing is associated with the level of performance in the final exam.

Non-Directional Hypothesis

**SITUATIONAL** Determine the type of hypothesis used in the example below. There is a significant relationship between peer tutoring and student’s level of mathematical skills.

Alternative Hypothesis

It can be categorized as basic research, which is aimed at a better understanding of a given phenomenon, or applied research, which is aimed at solving an immediate, practical problem.

Research Question

How to write a Research Question?

* Choose your topic * Do some preliminary reading about the current state of the field * Narrow your focus to a specific niche * Identify the research problem that you will address.

**SITUATIONAL** Determine the type of research used on the example below: What percentage of women in the United States aged 40 to 49 have an IQ of 120 or above? Or what is the average time that a 6-week-old baby sleeps per day?

Research questions may be about the numeric value of a variable

**SITUATIONAL** Determine the type of research used on the example below: Does taking a 5-minute break every hour increase productivity at work? Or which of three therapeutic approaches causes the greatest reduction in anxiety?

Research questions may be about a causal relationship between variables.

This variable can potentially influence the outcome of the study and obscure the true relationship between the independent variable and the dependent variable.

Confounding Variable

**SITUATIONAL** Determine the type of research used on the example below: Does reading frequency during childhood predict the likelihood of high school graduation? Or what is the relationship between the amount of time a person exercises and their level of happiness?

Research questions may be about an associate relationship between variables.

Any variable that you're not investigating that can potentially affect the dependent variable of your research study.

Extraneous Variable

**TRUE OR FALSE:** **“Correlation does not imply causation”** just because two variables are associated **(correlated)** does not mean that there is a cause-and-effect relationship between them.

TRUE

**TRUE OR FALSE:** Research Question ask about the value of a variable or about an association between variables or about a causal relationship between variables

TRUE

Give **atleast 3** characteristics of a strong research question

* Pinpoints exactly what you want to discover in your work. * Essential to guide your research paper, dissertation, or thesis. * Focused on a single problem or issue * Researchable using primary and/or secondary sources * Feasible to answer within the timeframe and practical constraints. * Specific enough to answer thoroughly * Complex enough to develop the answer over the space of a paper or thesis. * Relevant to your field of study and/or society more broadly. * Guides our progress in a research paper or academic essay. * Necessary for a thesis or dissertation. * Your answer then forms your thesis statement – the central assertion or position that your paper will argue for. * They should all be clearly connected and focused on a central research problem.