Module 1: Section 1

Question 1

Central Nervous System (CNS)

Answer 1

the portion of the nervous system comprised of the bran and spinal cord

Question 2

Historical influences

Answer 2

discoveries made by ancient civilizations, the role of poisons in history, the influence of religion

Question 3

Ancient Greece

Answer 3

380 BCE Theopharstus (pupil of aristotle) wrote a textbook on theraputics. Opium poppy.

Question 4

Morphine

Answer 4

10% contained in opium. german pharmacist sertuner discovers the crystal in 1803. Manages intense pain. Differs from aspirin and Tylenol that relieve moderate pain.

Question 5

Codeine

Answer 5

0.05% contained in opium. constituent of tylenol-3

Question 6

Ancient Egypt

Answer 6

Ebrus Papyrus - 1550 BCE, intended textbook of drug use for medical students. Many true observations. Purgatives (drugs that cause bowel movements) - Senna still used today

Question 7

Ancient China

Answer 7

Recorded drug experiemtns from China in 2700BCE. Emporer Shen Nung classified drugs according to taste. Ma Hunag = “medium drug”. Used in chinease medicine for coughs, influenza and fevers. Epinephrine isolated from it to treat asthma. Derivative of epinephrine used as decongestant

Question 8

Influence of Poisons

Answer 8

Curare, Ergot

Question 9

Curare

Answer 9

Plant derivative used by indigenous in the amazon rainforest.

Question 10

Curare used as a poison

Answer 10

indigenous people dip arrows in it. acted upon voluntary muscles of the animal. causes paralysis
–>respiratory paralysis –> death

Question 11

Curare used as a drug

Answer 11

Eventually used by anethesists. small dose for muscle relaxation. structure now modified to be safer + new derrivatives used today

Question 12

Ergot as Poisining

Answer 12

fungus that grows on the head of rye. Middle ages ground into bread with the rye = epidemic. 250 years ago in rusia too

Question 13

Effects of Ergot

Answer 13

Nervous system, cardiovascular system, Reproductive system

Question 14

Ergot: Nervous system

Answer 14

targets the NS = mental frenzy, hallucinations, convulsions

Question 15

Ergot: Cardiovascular

Answer 15

constriction of blood vessels (fingers toes limbs beome starved = burning sensation) over time limbs go black and die or fall off

Question 16

Ergot: Reproductive

Answer 16

violent contactions of the uterous. 16th century midwives use small amount in hastening laboyt. 1800s physicisna use to expidte labour. can kill is not used properly

Question 17

Ergot as drug

Answer 17

Two compounds dervied : ergotamine and Ergonovine

Question 18

Ergotamine

Answer 18

treat migraines. One theory says migraines causeed by pulsation of arterial blood vessels that carry blood to head. ergotamine constricts these blood vessels to reduce pulsation

Question 19

Ergnovine

Answer 19

once used to hasten birth - no longer used bc force of uteriys contractions may be to strong and the mother may be injured by to rapid delivery - can be used to arrest uterine bleeding

Question 20

Influence of religion

Answer 20

alter state of consciousness and facilitate communion with gods

Question 21

Peyote

Answer 21

Mexico - peyote cactus. contianes mescaline (potent) causes hallucination, feeling of well being, distortion of percetpion - similar to LSD

Question 22

Ancient Rome

Answer 22

Zinc

Question 23

2 categories of drugs discovered through history

Answer 23

1) drugs acting on the brain
2) drugs acting against infectious disease

Question 24

Drugs acting against the brain

Answer 24

alter normal chemical signalling in brain (ex, LSD)

Question 25

Albert Hoffman

Answer 25

Swiss pharmaceutical firm, trying to synthesize on ergot. 1943 made LSD - similar structure to ergotamine and ergovine

Question 26

LSD

Answer 26

psychidelic effects support idea that mental ilnesses mught be production of potent substances in the brain that could produce psychic disturbance. research into theraputic effect in 197-s, but then classified as controlled substance. derivitives may be effective in treating some mental illnesses like depression anxiety and addition

Question 27

Drugs acting against infectious disease

Answer 27

organoarsenicals, sulfa drugs, penacillin, streptomycin

Question 28

1900s - infectious diseasews

Answer 28

organoarsenicals : paul eurich - complex of arsenic and organic molecules. they bind to parasites. led to cure for syphalis

Question 29

1930s - infectious diseases

Answer 29

Sulfa drugs: gerhard Domagk - germany. first sucessful synthetic drug for bacterial disease. now termed antibacterial compounds

Question 30

antibiotic

Answer 30

refers specifically to chemical substanced produced by microorganisms, not synthetic compounds

Question 31

1940s - infectious diseases

Answer 31

penicillin: alexander flemming. first antibitotic. introduced during second WW. major used in therapy of Gram positice bacterial disease

Question 32

Gram positive

Answer 32

bacteria with thick cell walls and no outer membrane

Question 33

Gram Negative

Answer 33

bacteria with thin cell wall and an outer membrane