Module 1: Section 4

Question 1

ADME

Answer 1

absorption, distribution, metabolism, exertion (determines concentration of drug in blood, determined concentration of drug at site of action.

Question 2

routes of administration

Answer 2

topical, eternal, parental

Question 3

topical

Answer 3

on skin, through skin, inhalation

Question 4

enernal

Answer 4

admin via GI tract - mouth, rectum, sublingual (tounge), buccal(cheek)

Question 5

Parental

Answer 5

intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous

Question 6

systemic

Answer 6

something that affects the whole body or multiple organ systems

Question 7

on skin

Answer 7

skin conditions

Question 8

transdermal

Answer 8

nicotine patch, conveinent, steady supply of drug (no frequent oral dosing), bypasses enymes of stomach, intestine, liver , - but expensive and can cause loacal irritation

Question 9

Inhalation

Answer 9

rapidly absorbed from lungs. administered through lungs for local and systemic affects - anesthetics, steroids for lung disease. qauntity of drug is small, less required. But requires proper use by patient

Question 10

enternal

Answer 10

enter blood through GI tract. when absorbed in GI, goes to liver. liver has enzymes that decrease amount of active drug ledt to enter general circulation - First pass effect

Question 11

Enternal - mouth

Answer 11

how most drugs administered. most convientent, least expensice, non invasive, self administered BUT variable absorption bc differences in intestinal mobility and disease

Question 12

Enternal - Rectum

Answer 12

systemic or local effect, use for patinets who are vomiting, less invasive for comatose, digestive enzymes bypassed. BUT limited number of medication this way, absorption is slow, incomplete, variable

Question 13

Enternal - Sublingual and Buccal

Answer 13

enzyme of stomach, intestines, liver all bypassed BUT not all adequettly absorbed and drug may be swollowed

Question 14

Paretnal - Intravenous

Answer 14

immediate effect. used for drugs that are porrly absorbed as long as they can be made into a solution of purified water. response is irreversable - highets risk for drug interactions. requires significant human resources + sterile peperations free of fever producting substansaes (pyrogens)

Question 15

parental - Intramuscular

Answer 15

injected deep in msucle. volume of drug is limited to 2-3 ml for adult

Question 16

Parental - subcutantous

Answer 16

injected in deepest layer of skin. allows for modificaon of drug preperarions to contol timing of release from injection site

Question 17

bioavailability

Answer 17

the fraction of an administered dose that reached the systemic circulation (blood) in active form

Question 18

Bioavailability - topical

Answer 18

rapid to slow, 5 -100%

Question 19

Bioavailability - enternal

Answer 19

mouth - slow 30 -1 hour (5-100%)
rectum - slow and incomplete (30-100%)
Under tounge - rapid 1-2 min (30-100%)
cheek - intermediate 3-4 min - 30-100)

Question 20

Bioavailability - parenteral

Answer 20

IV -15-30 sec - 100
Muscle - 10 - 20 min - 75-100
under skin - 15-30 min - 74-100

Question 21

absorption

Answer 21

movement of drug from site of administration into blood

Question 22

distribution

Answer 22

movement of a drug from the blood to the site of action and other tissues. most drugs reach all tissues and organs +target site. concentration in equilibrium. is concentration in blood drops below concentration at any site, drug move from that site to the blood to maintin equillibrium. greater the blood flow to an orgen, the more rapidly drugs reach that organ and vice versa.

Question 23

distribution and termination

Answer 23

distribtution can result in termination of the theraputic effect for some drugs

Question 24

thiopentnal

Answer 24

Iv absorption, concentration is high, high in brain, patient falls asleep. concentraiton in muscle and fat increases , concentration in blood decreases, causes frug to leave brain and move into bloos. as concentration in brain decreases, patient awakens

Question 25

metabolism - biotransformation

Answer 25

conversion of drug into different chemical compound in order to eliminate. product of metabolis, called metabolites.to be eliminated by kidney, drug must be water soluable. most drugs converted to water souable. mostly occurs in liver but also kidneys, intestines, lungs, skin etc

Question 26

biotransformation reactions

Answer 26

p450, phase 1, phase 2, excretion

Question 27

p450

Answer 27

enzyme capable of biotransfroming drug. found in tissues bu high in liver. cytochrome p450 family do majority of biotransformatinos for drugs

Question 28

biotransformation - phase 1

Answer 28

add or unmask functional froup. prepare for addition of large water soluable molecule in phase 2. adding a handle for the molecule to be attached

Question 29

biotransformation - phase 2

Answer 29

adds large water soluable moiety (glucronic acid or sulfate) - kidneys can now excrete

Question 30

biotransformation - excreation

Answer 30

excreted by kidneys. last step

Question 31

excretion by

Answer 31

kidneys, GI tract (poop), lungs (eg alchol) breat milk, saliva and sweat

Question 32

half life

Answer 32

time needed for the liver and kidney to remove half the drug from the body

Question 33

factors for drug response variation

Answer 33

genetic, environmental, disease states, altered psychilogical states, presence of other drugs

Question 34

drug response variation - genetic

Answer 34

variability in receptors to which drug binds and body handles and eliminates drugs. variability in activity of enzymes - ex metabolism of alcohol

Question 35

drug response variation - environment

Answer 35

certain chemicals increase enzymes - eliminate drug more rapidly

Question 36

drug response variation - disease state

Answer 36

drug response variation - alter way body reacts ex. liver disease = slower metabolic rate

Question 37

drug response variation - altered physiochological state

Answer 37

elderly more suseptible to drug acting on CNS. liver and kidney function decreasing as age. Pregannsy

Question 38

drug response variation - other drugs present

Answer 38

one drug might change biological effect of a second dryg