Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Cultural Psychology > Module 1: Understanding Cross-Cultural Psychology > Flashcards

Module 1: Understanding Cross-Cultural Psychology Flashcards

(80 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

What is culture?

A

It is shared attitudes, behaviours, and symbols

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are the shared attitudes of culture?

A

Ideologies (ideas), values (family, community, respect, etc.), and beliefs (religion, atheism, etc.)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are the shared behaviours of culture?

A

Traditions, fashion, leisure (sports, time spent)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are the shared symbols of culture?

A

Flag, architecture, colour

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are explicit characteristics?

A

Explicit characteristics are overt customs and observable practices (eg. greeting styles)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are implicit characteristics?

A

Implicit characteristics are organizing principles such as negotiation styles, honourifics (language beautification), and humilifics.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are humilifics?

A

They are words that are not meant to show respect for His or Her Grace, but to emphasize the insignificance of the speaker and other underlings (eg. Catholics say before communion: “Lord, I am not worthy to receive you”)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are the aspects of nationality?

A

Geographical origin and history, political entity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What are the aspects of ethnicity?

A

Cultural heritage, ancestral origin, language, tradition, religion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What are the aspects of race?

A

Distinct combinations of heritable traits

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are the outdated categories of race?

A

Caucasoid, Mongoloid, and Congoid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Why is race considered to be a “social construct”?

A

The existence of races makes little sense - humans have lower genetic diversity than almost any animal. The concept of “race” is created by societies to serve the purposes of the majority.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What are other terms for race?

A

Continental origin, Anthropological designation (eg. Caucasian), and colonial history (eg. Latino)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Name some examples of other kinds of groups from countries that can be argued to have cultures

A

Urban culture, LGBTQ culture, high socioeconomic status culture, vegetarian culture, millennial culture, francophone culture vs. anglophone culture, McGill culture vs. Concordia culture, Vanier culture, Mac-user culture, Trekkie culture, cosplay culture

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What makes these other groups arguably qualify as “cultures”?

A

Their members exist within a shared context, they have ways of communicating with each other, have some shared norms that distinguish them from other groups, and have some common practices and ideas.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What are Hofstede’s 6 dimension of culture?

A 
Power distance
Masculinity vs. Femininity
Uncertainty avoidance
Long-term orientation vs. Short-term orientation
Indulgence vs. Restraint
Collectivism vs. Individualism
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is Power distance?

A

Power distance is the degree of acceptance of unequal distribution of power.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is High Power Distance?

A

It is the acceptance of inequality between leaders and the led (eg. Latin American and Arab nations)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is Low Power Distance?

A

The belief that all people should have equal rights (eg. Scandinavian and Germanic speaking nations)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is Masculinity vs. Femininity?

A

It is the distribution of emotional roles between genders

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is Masculine?

A

The preference for achievement, heroism, assertiveness and material rewards for success; very competitive (eg. Germany, Japan)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is Feminine?

A

Consensus-seeking, gentleness, modesty, and caring for the weak (eg. Nordic countries, the Netherlands)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is Uncertainty Avoidance?

A

The degree of discomfort with uncertainty.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What is High Uncertainty Avoidance?

A

It is the support of beliefs promising certainty (eg. Greece, Portugal)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
What is Low Uncertainty Avoidance?
Non-conformist attitude, unpredictability, creativity (eg. Sweden, Hong Kong)
26
What is Long-term orientation vs. Short-term orientation?
This dimension associates the connection of the past with the current and future actions/challenges.
27
What is Long-term orientation?
People’s views are adaptable and circumstantial, pragmatic problem solving is a necessity. A strong propensity to save, invest, thriftiness, perseverance (eg. China and Japan).
28
What is Short-term orientation?
Traditions are honoured and kept while steadfastness is valued. Weak propensity to save for the future, focus on achieving quick results (eg. Pakistan, Nigeria).
29
What is Indulgence?
Society that allows free gratification of basic and natural human drives related to enjoying life and having fun.
30
What are some Hedonistic countries?
Venezuela, Trinidad and Tobago, El Salvador.
31
What is Restraint?
A society that suppresses gratification of needs and regulates it by means of strict social norms (eg. Egypt)
32
Wha is Collectivism vs. Individualism?
It is the degree to which individuals are integrated into groups.
33
What is Individualist?
Cultures with loose ties between individuals, everyone is expected to look after themselves, competitive (eg. USA, Australia)
34
What is Collectivist?
People are integrated into cohesive in-groups, they have unquestioning loyalty to extended family, harmony-enhancing strategies (eg. Latin American and East Asian countries)
35
What are Hofstede’s 5 Value Dimensions?
``` Identity Hierarchy Gender Truth Virtue ```
36
What are the 2 extremes of Identity?
Collectivism and Individualism
37
What are the 2 extremes of Hierarchy?
Large Power Distance and Small Power Distance
38
What are the 2 extremes of Gender?
Femininity and Masculinity
39
What are the 2 extremes of Truth?
Strong Uncertainty Avoidance and Weak Uncertainty Avoidance
40
What are the 2 extremes of Virtue?
Long-Term Orientation and Short-Term Orientation
41
What are the 2 sociocultural orientations of Triandis’ Cultural Syndromes?
Horizontal and Vertical
42
What is horizontal sociocultural orientation?
Equality and benevolence, totalitarian regime (equality but not freedom)
43
What is vertical sociocultural orientation?
Hierarchy, power and achievement-orientated, Western democracy (freedom but not equality)
44
What is the social structure, control intent, change inclination, gender status, means to goal, performance value, social interface, and cognitive mode of vertical individualism?
``` Social Structure: Hierarchy Control Intent: Change Environment Change Inclination: Progressive Gender Status: Rigid Means to Goal: Competition Performance Value: Ability Social Interface: Stand out (salience) Cognitive Mode: Analytic ```
45
What is the social structure, control intent, change inclination, gender status, means to goal, performance value, social interface, and cognitive mode of horizontal individualism?
``` Social Structure: Equality Control Intent: Change Environment Change Inclination: Progressive Gender Status: Fluid Means to Goal: Competition Performance Value: Ability Social Interface: Stand out (salience) Cognitive Mode: Analytic ```
46
What is the social structure, control intent, change inclination, gender status, means to goal, performance value, social interface, and cognitive mode of vertical collectivism?
``` Social Structure: Hierarchy Control Intent: Adapt to environment Change Inclination: Traditional Gender Status: Rigid Means to Goal: Cooperation Performance Value: Effort Social Interface: Fit in (harmony) Cognitive Mode: Holistic ```
47
What is the social structure, control intent, change inclination, gender status, means to goal, performance value, social interface, and cognitive mode of horizontal collectivism?
``` Social Structure: Equality Control Intent: Adapt to environment Change Inclination: Traditional Gender Status: Fluid Means to Goal: Cooperation Performance Value: Effort Social Interface: Fit in (harmony) Cognitive Mode: Holistic ```
48
What countries are Vertical Individualism?
USA, UK, France
49
What countries are Horizontal Individualism?
Australia, Sweden, Norway, Denmark
50
What countries are Vertical Collectivism?
China, India, Russia, South Korea, Japan, Poland
51
What countries are Horizontal Collectivism?
Israel kibbutz, Spain, Brazil
52
What are the aspects of Horizontal individualism?
Egalitarian People try to be unique and do their own things Eg. Sweden
53
What are the aspects of Vertical Individualism?
Achievement-oriented People do their own things and try to be the best Eg. USA
54
What are the aspects of Horizontal Collectivism?
Co-operativeness People merge themselves with in-groups Eg. Israeli kibbutz
55
What are the aspects of Vertical Collectivism?
Dutifulness People submit themselves to authorities of in-groups; willing to sacrifice Eg. India
56
What is Lagom?
“Not too little, not too much” The Swedish art of living balanced, happy life Ethos of Scandinavian countries
57
What is tightness?
Rules and norms applied to social situations and sanctions applied to those who violate them
58
What is tight of tightness?
Norms are imposed tightly.
59
What is loose of tightness?
Deviation from the norms are tolerated.
60
In what societies is loose tightness seen?
Heterogeneous societies People do not depend on each other much Low population density Open frontier
61
Where are complexities present in the sociocultural orientations?
Hunter/gatherers vs. Information societies GDP per capital % of urban population Size of cities
62
What is enculturation?
The process by which youngsters learn and adopt ways of their culture. It shapes and moulds individuals’ psychological characteristics
63
Culture vs. Genes
Look at diagram on p. 14
64
What is ethnocentrism?
It is a look at the world from the perspective of our own culture
65
Where are ethnocentric views present?
They exist in all cultures Most people are considered a little ethnocentric Unless someone is an anthropologist or other social scientist, it may be difficult for someone to appreciate anyone’s behaviour without referencing his or her own culture.
66
What is the problem with having an ethnocentric attitude?
Assign a higher or lower status to cultures (higher cultures being intrinsically better) Own culture is of the highest status
67
What is ethnocentrism in (social) scientific research?
The use of WEIRD (Westernized Educated people from Industrialized Rich Democracies) in experiments.
68
What is the WEIRD effect?
Lifelong members of WEIRD societies react differently from others in experiment after experiment involving measures of fairness, antisocial punishment, and cooperation, as well as when responding to visual illusions and questions of individualism and conformity. The fact that WEIRD people are the outliers in so many key domains of the behavioural sciences may render them to be one f the worst subpopulations one could study for generalizing about Homo sapiens. 96% of behavioural science experiment subjects are from WEIRD countries, even though those countries have just 12% of the world’s population and 68% of all subjects are Americans. Many behavioural psychology studies must be understood to offer insight only into the minds of WEIRD people Results of a scientific study that offer universal claims about human nature should be independent of location, cultural factors, and many outside influences.
69
What is the absolutist approach?
All psychological phenomena is the same across cultures Morals, ideas, and actions of different cultures can be perceived and evaluated in correlation with universal criteria (eg. Human rights are universal) Not the same as ethnocentrism because it doesn’t insist that one’s own culture is the superior one, just acknowledges the existence of some universal norms.
70
What is the relativist approach?
Human behaviour can be understood only in context | Valid comparisons cannot be made among cultures
71
How can cultural relativism lead to ethnocentrism?
It can lead to ethnocentrism because it can lead people to overestimate and only appreciate their own cultural values which can get themselves locked up in an ethnocentric prison.
72
How can cultural relativism lead to “soft bigotry of low expectations”?
It allows you to hold other races/ethnic/religious groups to a lower standard (eg. Excusing misogyny, homophobia, etc.)
73
How can cultural relativism lead to “paradox of tolerance”?
It can lead you to tolerate the intolerance (eg. Vaccination exemption for parent’s personal belief)
74
What does “non-ethnocentric universalism/differentiated universalism” allow us to do?
It allows us not to destruct the Western approach by refuting universality, but to enrich it through different cultural perspectives To take a comprehensive view of the possibilities of human beings, not just of the endowments of a specific group of human beings. Intercultural dialogue is a process that comprises an open and respectful exchange between individuals, groups and organisations with different cultural backgrounds or world views. Among its aims are: to develop a deeper understanding of different perspectives and practices; to increase participation (or freedom to make choices); to ensure equality; and to enhance creative processes.
75
What is multiculturalism?
Multiculturalism is equality for all cultural groups Right to have their own path of development, activities, and values Free from imposition of other group’s norms
76
What is the problem with multiculturalism?
The appearance of uni-lingual ghettos (eg. Turks in Germany have no loyalty to Germany and no affinity for its language or culture)
77
What is interculturalism?
It is a political ideology that does not place a priority for all cultures to be on the same level as a basis to organize society. Instead, a “common civic culture” based on values of human rights, freedom and liberty, and of human rights while encouraging interaction among ethnic communities “Common civic culture” = assimilation People have the right to maintain an affiliation with their own ethnic group, but the entire society must adhere to constitution of fundamental rights and obligations (not accept cultural differences used as excuse to reduce human rights) And ethics of maximum tolerance for individual’s choices and minimum tolerance for totalitarian and theocratic systems of ideas (which could undermine foundations of democratic society) (Eg. USA, Quebec)
78
What is the Golden Rule?
Do unto others as you would have them do unto you
79
What is the Silver Rule?
Do not to others what you would not like to be done to you
80
What is the Platinum Rule?
Treat others they way they want to be treated

Cultural Psychology (9 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions