Module 10

Question 1

All glands arise/originate from what?

Answer 1

epithelium layer

Question 2

glands connected to a ductal system and secrete onto a surface

Answer 2

exocrine glands

Question 3

glands surrounded by connective tissue and blood vessels but no ductal system and secrete into vessels

Answer 3

endocrine glands

Question 4

What is known as the “master endocrine gland”

Answer 4

pituitary

Question 5

What is known as the hypophysis

Answer 5

pituitary

Question 6

where is the pituitary located

Answer 6

at the base of the brain in the sella turcica of the sphenoid bone

Question 7

what connects the pituitary to the hypothalamus

Answer 7

infundibulum

Question 8

two lobes of the pituitary

Answer 8

adenohypophysis and neurohypophysis

Question 9

3 parts of the anterior lobe of the pituitary/adenohypophysis

Answer 9

pars distalis, pars intermedia, pars tuberalis

Question 10

3 parts of the posterior lobe of the pituitary/neurohypophysis

Answer 10

pars nerosa, median eminence, infundibular stem

Question 11

What structure is pictured here?

Answer 11

pituitary

Question 12

What structures are pictured here?

Answer 12

pituitary connected to hypothalamus by infundibulum

Question 13

What two parts of the pituitary are pictured here?

Answer 13

Pars nervosa and pars distalis

Question 14

Where does the adenohypophysis form from?

Answer 14

an evagination of the oral ectoderm, called Rathke’s pouch

Question 15

Where does the neurohypophysis originate?

Answer 15

growth off the hypothalamus made of neural tissue

Question 16

Why is the HPA portal system important?

Answer 16

It allows the hypothalamus to release pormones directly to the pituitary without being diluted or have to go through the whole body

Question 17

what are the two types of cells in the pars distalis?

Answer 17

chromophils and chromophobes

Question 18

What’s the main part of chromophobes/chromophils that stains with H&E stain?

Answer 18

granules inside

Question 19

2 types of chromophils

Answer 19

basophils and acidophils

Question 20

How can you determine which hormones are produced by a cell?

Answer 20

immunohistochemistry

Question 21

What color do acidophils stain?

Answer 21

pink/red

Question 22

What color do basophils stain?

Answer 22

blue/purple

Question 23

What hormones do acidophiles secrete?

Answer 23

growth hormone and prolactin

Question 24

What hormones do basopohils secrete?

Answer 24

FSH, LH, ACTH, TSH

Question 25

mnemonic to remember hormones of acidophils and basophils of the pars distalis

Answer 25

it's A-Great performance in B-FLAT

Question 26

What glia are found in the pituitary?

Answer 26

pituicytes

Question 27

Where does the neurohypophysis originate from the hypothalamus?

Answer 27

supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei

Question 28

accumulation of granules visible with light microscopy in the pars nervosa

Answer 28

Herring bodies

Question 29

hormones synthesized in the neurohypophysis

Answer 29

oxytocin and ADH

Question 30

Where are neurohypophyseal hormones released?

Answer 30

directly into fenestrated capillaries

Question 31

carrier proteins that transport oxytocin and vasopressin to the posterior pituitary from the hypothalamus

Answer 31

neurophysins

Question 32

What structure is shown?

Answer 32

pars nervosa

Question 33

What hormones are produced by the thyroid

Answer 33

T3, T4, calcitonin

Question 34

What lines thyroid follicles?

Answer 34

simple squamous and columnar epithelium

Question 35

TSH receptors are located where?

Answer 35

on the basal cell membrane of the thyroid follicles

Question 36

What state do thyroid follicles extend pseudopods into the follicles to envelop and absorb colloid?

Answer 36

hyperactive state

Question 37

Which state is TSH most active?

Answer 37

hyperactive state

Question 38

What is shown in this image?

Answer 38

thyroid gland

Question 39

where are parafollicular cells (aka C cells) found?

Answer 39

in the thyroid around the periphery of the follicles

Question 40

Where is calcitonin secreted?

Answer 40

from the C cells/parafollicular cells

Question 41

What breaks down into T3 and T4?

Answer 41

thyroglobulin

Question 42

how many lobes are there to the parathyroid gland?

Answer 42

4

Question 43

What structure is pictured?

Answer 43

Parathyroid

Question 44

2 types of cell found in the parathyroid

Answer 44

chief cells and oxyphil cells

Question 45

principal cell of the parathyroid. More numerous, polygonal shpaed, and contains PTH

Answer 45

Chief cells

Question 46

Larger polygonal cells in the parathyroid that contain acidophilic mitochondria and accumulate with age

Answer 46

oxyphil cells

Question 47

What major glands are pictured here?

Answer 47

Thyroid (top) and parathyroid (bottom)

Question 48

What types of cells are found in this micrograph?

Answer 48

Chief cells and oxyphil cells of the parathyroid

Question 49

Which type of parathyroid cell has a lot of mitochondria?

Answer 49

oxyphil cells

Question 50

Which type of parathyroid cell synthesizes pre-pro-PTH and pro-PTH which ultimately becomes PTH?

Answer 50

Chief cells

Question 51

2 layers of the adrenal gland

Answer 51

cortex and medulla

Question 52

embryonic origins of each layer of the adrenals

Answer 52

cortex- mesoderm medulla- neural crest ectoderm

Question 53

What structure is pictured?

Answer 53

Adrenal gland

Question 54

3 regions of the adrenal cortex

Answer 54

zona glomerulosa, zona fasciculata, zona reticularis

Question 55

Which layer of the adrenal medulla secretes mineralcorticoids?

Answer 55

glomerulosa

Question 56

Which layer of the adrenal medulla looks like rounded/oval clusters?

Answer 56

glomerulosa

Question 57

Which layer of the adrenal medulla looks like straight cords and contains liquid droplets

Answer 57

fasciculata

Question 58

Which layer of the adrenal medulla is known to contain lots of smooth ER, lipofuscin pigment granules, mitochondria, and abundant lipid droplets?

Answer 58

fasciculata

Question 59

What structure/zones are pictured here?

Answer 59

adrenal medulla: zona fasciculata and reticularis

Question 60

modified sympathetic, postganglionic neurons are found in which layer of the adrenals?

Answer 60

medulla

Question 61

Cells of the adrenal medulla are also known as what?

Answer 61

chromaffin cells

Question 62

What do the adrenal medulla granules contain?

Answer 62

chromogranin protein, ATP, epinephrine/norepi, and an opiate-like peptide

Question 63

Darker stained cells of the pancreas are which part?

Answer 63

the exocrine portion

Question 64

What makes up the endocrine portion of the pancreas?

Answer 64

Islets of langerhands

Question 65

What structure is pictured here?

Question 66

pancreatic cells that secrete glucagon

Answer 66

alpha cells

Question 67

pancreatic cells that secrete insulin

Answer 67

beta cells

Question 68

pancreatic cells that secrete somatostatin and inhibit other pancreatic cells

Answer 68

delta cells

Question 69

pancreatic cells that release pancreatic polypeptide

Answer 69

F cells

Question 70

4 types of cells found in the islets of langerhans

Answer 70

alpha, beta, delta, and F cells

Question 71

what gland is also known as the epiphysis cerebri

Answer 71

pineal gland

Question 72

pineal gland is covered by which meningeal layer

Answer 72

pia mater

Question 73

What is the pineal gland histologically similar to?

Answer 73

pars nervosa

Question 74

2 cell types found in the pineal gland

Answer 74

pinealocytes and astrocytes

Question 75

majority of cells in the pineal gland

Answer 75

pinealocytes

Question 76

cells that produce melatonin

Answer 76

pinealocytes

Question 77

what structure is also known as "brain sand"?

Answer 77

corpora arencia

Question 78

secretory activity in the pineal gland is regulated by what?

Answer 78

stimulated by darkness and inhibited by light

Question 79

what NTs are released by the nerves in the pineal gland?

Answer 79

norepinephrine and serotonin