Module 10

Question 1

What are the two groups of the digestive system?

Answer 1

Digestive tract (alimentary canal)

Accessory digestive organs

Question 2

Which group does the mouth, oral cavity, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, and anus.

Answer 2

Digestive tract (alimentary canal)

Question 3

What group are the tongue, teeth, salivary glands, liver, bilary ducts and gallbladder, and pancreas part of?

Answer 3

The accessory digestive organs

Question 4

The digestive tract, also known as the alimentary canal, is a continuous tube that starts in the … and ends inferiorly with the … canal.

Answer 4

oral cavity, anal

Question 5

What are the five functions of the digestive system?

Answer 5

Digestion
Absorption
Secretion
Motility
Elimination of Waste

Question 6

What is this?

The process of mastication (chewing) crushes food in the mouth into smaller pieces to facilitate chemical processing by enzymes into small molecules.

Answer 6

Digestion

Question 7

What is this?

Digested food moves slowly through the large intestine, to facilitate water and nutrient uptake into the body

Answer 7

Absorption

Question 8

What is this?

In the presence of food, cells of the stomach’s mucosal wall release gastric acid to perform chemical digestion.

Answer 8

Secretion

Question 9

What is this?

When food is swallowed, muscles in the esophageal wall contract and relax to push food through esophagus down to the stomach.

Answer 9

Motility

Question 10

What is this?

Leftover materials, which are not absorbed or utilized by the body, are eliminated by the process of defecation.

Answer 10

Elimination by Waste

Question 11

What are the four layers of the digestive tract wall? From innermost to outermost

Answer 11

Mucosa
Submucosa
Muscularis Externa
Serosa or Adventitia

Question 12

What are the three parts of the mucosa?

Answer 12

surface epithelium, lamina propria, muscularis mucosa

Question 13

What is surface epithelium?

Answer 13

Type of epithelial layer which reflects the expected function of the organ. Examples: secretion, absorption, protection

Question 14

What is lamina propria?

Answer 14

Layer of loose connective tissue under surface epithelium

Question 15

What is muscularis mucosa?

Answer 15

Layer composed of smooth muscle fibres under the lamina propria

Question 16

What is the submucosa? What is it made of?

Answer 16

Layer below mucosa. Made of dense irregular connective tissue, contains blood vessels, lymphatics, glands, nerve plexuses.

Question 17

What is the muscularis externa made of? What is between the layers?

Answer 17

Circular and longitudinal layers of smooth muscle with nerve plexus in between layers.

Question 18

What are the plexuses responsible for?

Answer 18

Muscular contraction to propel food through the digestive tract

Question 19

What is the outermost layer of the digestive tract made of?

Answer 19

Either serosa or adventitia

Question 20

When the outer layer is a serous membrane, it is known as…

Answer 20

Serosa

Question 21

When the outer layer is composed of loose connective tissue, it is known as…

Answer 21

adventitia

Question 22

What is serous membrane?

Answer 22

Single layer of thin, flat cells that form a membranous sheet and secrete lubricating fluid

Question 23

What is the first part of the digestive tract?

Answer 23

Oral cavity

Question 24

What are the two parts of the oral cavity?

Answer 24

Vestibule - space between the cheeks and lips and gums and teeth
Oral Cavity Proper - other areas of the mouth

Question 25

What makes up the superior border of the oral cavity?

Answer 25

Palate

Question 26

What is the palate divided into?

Answer 26

Hard palate (bone) Soft Palate (muscle)

Question 27

What is the posterior extension of the soft palate called?

Answer 27

Uvula

Question 28

What is the muscle associated with speech, taste, and the mechanical manipulation of food?

Answer 28

The tongue

Question 29

What do the intrinsic muscles of the tongue do?

Answer 29

Control shape of tongue

Question 30

What do the extrinsic muscles of the tongue do?

Answer 30

Move the tongue during chewing and speech

Question 31

What is on the interior surface of the tongue that anchors the tongue to the floor of the mouth?

Answer 31

Frenulum

Question 32

What are the superior and lateral surfaces of the tongue covered in?

Answer 32

Papillae

Question 33

How many types of papillae are there?

Answer 33

4

Question 34

Some papillae contain ... which give humans sense of gustation.

Answer 34

Taste buds

Question 35

What secretes digestive enzymes and mucus to help break down food while chewing?

Answer 35

Salivary glands

Question 36

What are the three types of salivary glands?

Answer 36

Parotid Submandibular Sublingual

Question 37

What does the parotid secrete?

Answer 37

Serous (watery) fluid

Question 38

Where is the parotid located?

Answer 38

anterior and inferior to ear opening

Question 39

What does the submandibular secrete?

Answer 39

serous and mucous (viscous) fluid

Question 40

Where is the submandibular located?

Answer 40

Inferior to mandible

Question 41

What does the sublingual secrete?

Answer 41

mucus

Question 42

Where is the sublingual located?

Answer 42

Inferior to tongue

Question 43

What are the two sets of teeth humans have?

Answer 43

Deciduous Permanent

Question 44

What do deciduous teeth consist of? How many total?

Answer 44

2 incisors 1 canine (cuspid) 2 molars in each quadrant of jaw TOTAL = 20 teeth

Question 45

What do permanent teeth consist of? How many total?

Answer 45

2 incisors 1 canine (cuspid) 2 premolars (bicuspids) 3 molars in each quadrant of jaw TOTAL = 32 teeth

Question 46

What are the two pairs of third molars in the permanent set of teeth called?

Answer 46

Wisdom teeth

Question 47

What are tonsils? What tissue? Where are they found? Whats their role?

Answer 47

Collections of lymphoid tissue found in areas of pharynx. Play role in immune system

Question 48

What are the three tonsils?

Answer 48

Palatine Pharyngeal Lingual

Question 49

What is the 25 cm long muscular tube that extends from the pharynx to the stomach?

Answer 49

Esophagus

Question 50

What is the epithelium type in the mucosa of esophagus?

Answer 50

stratified squamous epithelium protects from friction as food travels from oral cavity to stomach

Question 51

What does the submucosa of esophagus contain?

Answer 51

Mucus-secreting glands to help lubricate passage of food

Question 52

What does muscularis externa consist of in esophagus? Where is each type?

Answer 52

Both smooth and skeletal muscle. Upper 1/3 skeletal Middle 1/3 skeletal and smooth Lower 1/3 smooth

Question 53

Is esophagus covered by adventitia or serosa?

Answer 53

Mostly adventitia

Question 54

What are the three regions of the stomach (top to bottom)?

Answer 54

Fundus Body Antrum

Question 55

What is antrum continuous with?

Answer 55

First part of small intestine (duodenum)

Question 56

The shape of the stomach gives rise to the lesser and greater ...

Answer 56

curvatures

Question 57

What is the structure that hangs off the greater curvature of the stomach? It is an apronlike structure that covers and protects the abdominal viscera.

Answer 57

Greater omentum

Question 58

What is special about mucosa of stomach?

Answer 58

Folded into ridges called rugae

Question 59

What are rugae? What's the purpose of rugae?

Answer 59

Non-permanent folds and allow the stomach to expand following ingestion of food or liquid

Question 60

What is the epithelium of the stomach? What does it contain?

Answer 60

Simple columnar; contains gastric glands. Secretes mucus to protect stomach from acids

Question 61

Which layer of stomach contains blood vessels, lymphatics, glands, and nerve plexuses?

Answer 61

Submucosa

Question 62

Whats the function of constituents of submucosa?

Answer 62

Supply tissue with oxygen and control contraction of musculature

Question 63

What are the three layers of smooth muscle in the muscularis externa? What are the directions they're arranged into (3)?

Answer 63

Outer longitudinal Middle circular Inner oblique

Question 64

Is stomach covered in serosa or adventitia

Answer 64

Serosa

Question 65

What are the three parts of the small intestine?

Answer 65

Duodenum (25cm) Jejenum (2.5m) Ileum (3.5m)

Question 66

What shape is the duodenum? What does it enclose?

Answer 66

C-shaped Encloses head of pancreas

Question 67

Where does most of the jejunum lie?

Answer 67

In upper left quadrant of abdomen

Question 68

Where does most of ileum lie?

Answer 68

Right lower quadrant of abdomen

Question 69

What are the fingerlike projections that extend to the lumen of the small intestine called?

Answer 69

Villi

Question 70

The epithelium of small intestine is found on ...

Answer 70

villi

Question 71

The epithelium in intestine is...

Answer 71

Simple columnar

Question 72

The epithelium of intestine has many absorptive cells whose apical surfaces have...

Answer 72

microvilli / brush border

Question 73

What does the lamina propria of the mucosa form (small intestine)? What does it contain?

Answer 73

Core of each villus Contains blood capillaries and lymphatic capillaries

Question 74

What are collections of lymphatic tissue located in lamina propria of small intestine called? Where are they abundant?

Answer 74

Peyer's patches Ilium is where they are abundant

Question 75

What does the mucosa contain (small intestine)? What are they? What do they secrete?

Answer 75

Intestinal glands (crypts of Lieberkuhn) These are deep folds of mucosa between some villi and secrete intestinal juices

Question 76

The mucosa and submucosa of the small intestine form ... which are permanent transverse folds that help increase the surface area for absorption

Answer 76

Pilcae circulares

Question 77

The submucosa of the duodenum is notable as it has ... that secrete ...

Answer 77

duodenal (Brunner's) glands that secrete alkaline mucus

Question 78

What's the purpose of this mucus secreted by Brunner's glands?

Answer 78

helps protect small intestine from stomach acid that pay be present in partially digested food after leaving stomach. Glands not found in submucosa of jejenum and ileum.

Question 79

Muscularis externa - small intestine. What are the two smooth layers of muscle in small intestine organized into?

Answer 79

Circular and longitudinal layers

Question 80

What is located between two layers of muscle in small intestine?

Answer 80

Nerve plexus

Question 81

What is the outermost layer of small intestine made of?

Answer 81

Serosa

Question 82

What are the three sections of the colon?

Answer 82

Cecum Colon Rectum

Question 83

What is the extension off of the cecum?

Answer 83

Vermiform appendix

Question 84

What are the four sections of the colon?

Answer 84

Ascending transverse descending sigmoid

Question 85

What part of the colon extends from the cecum up the right side of the abdomen to join transverse colon just below the liver?

Answer 85

Ascending

Question 86

What part of the colon extends from below the liver, crossing the abdomen to join the descending colon below the spleen?

Answer 86

Transverse

Question 87

What part of the colon extends down the left side of the abdomen from the splenic end of the transverse colon to the sigmoid colon?

Answer 87

Descending

Question 88

What part of the colon is the s-shaped terminal portion leading into the rectum?

Answer 88

Sigmoid

Question 89

What extends from sigmoid colon to anal canal and is last portion of large intestine. It temporarily stores fecal matter.

Answer 89

Rectum

Question 90

What is the epithelium of large intestine? What does it contain an increasing amount of towards anus?

Answer 90

Simple columnar. Goblet cells

Question 91

In anal canal, a change from simple columnar to ... takes place

Answer 91

Stratified squamous

Question 92

... glands also present in large intestine.

Answer 92

Intestinal

Question 93

In large intestine, accumulations of lymphatic tissue are present in the ...

Answer 93

Lamina propria and submucosa

Question 94

The submucosa contains blood vessels, lymphatics, and nerve plexuses

Question 95

The outer longitudinal layer of muscularis externa of cecum & colon forms how many longitudinal bands? What are these called? When they contract up the wall of the large intestine, they form sac-like structures called what?

Answer 95

Three (teniae coli) Haustra

Question 96

In the rectum, the three teniae coli merge to form the...

Answer 96

continuous longitudinal muscular layer

Question 97

In the anal canal, the circular muscular layer thickens into the internal anal ..., which is involved with waste excretion.

Answer 97

sphincter

Question 98

What is the large intestine covered by? Adventitia or serosa?

Answer 98

can be covered by either

Question 99

What are the longitudinal ridges in the anal canal called?

Answer 99

Anal column