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ANAT 100 > Module 7 > Flashcards

Module 7 Flashcards

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1
Q

The body can secrete products from two different types of glands. What are they?

A

Endocrine
Exocrine

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2
Q

Cells of these glands secrete hormones directly into interstitial fluid surrounding secretory cells. The hormones are then picked up by the blood capillaries.

A

Endocrine

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3
Q

Glands that secrete cell products into a duct system

A

Exocrine

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4
Q

Endocrine glands secrete molecules called ___________. These act as chemical messengers, travelling through the blood circulation to cause an effect on the target organ

A

hormones

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5
Q

Name 5 endocrine glands

A

Pituitary
Thyroid
Parathyroid
Adrenal
Pancreas

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6
Q

What gland is a pea-sized gland that sits at base of brain and extends from the hypothalamus. It is known as the “master gland” as it produces and releases hormones that control all other endocrine glands.

A

Pituitary

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7
Q

Which gland sits anterior to the trachea and produces thyroid hormones important for metabolism? It is also involved in calcium homeostasis.

A

Thyroid gland

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8
Q

These glands are four small oval glands situated on the back of the thyroid gland. They are paired, with two superior and inferior. They are involved in the maintenance of calcium homeostasis. What are they?

A

Parathyroid glands

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9
Q

These are paired and sit on top of each kidney. They have important roles in the production of corticosteroids as well as the maintenance of fluid balance. What are they?

A

Adrenal/Suprarenal glands

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10
Q

What are corticosteroids?

A

Group of steroid hormones produced by cortex of adrenal gland responsible for several functions (ex. glucose metabolism, sex characteristics, electrolyte balance of body fluids)

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11
Q

What gland has both endocrine and exocrine functions? It is located posterior to the stomach extending from the duodenum (first part of small intestine) to the spleen. Its main endocrine function is to control sugar levels in the blood.

A

Pancreas

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12
Q

How big is the pituitary gland? Where is it located/extend from? Where does it sit?

A

Pea size
Extends from hypothalamus
Located inferior to hypothalamus
Sits in concavity of sphenoid bone in middle of skull

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13
Q

What is known as the “master gland” why?

A

Pituitary gland
Produces and releases hormones that control all other endocrine glands

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14
Q

Where is the thyroid gland located?

A

Anterior to trachea; inferior to larynx

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15
Q

What are the functions of the thyroid glands? (2)

A

Produces thyroid hormones, important for metabolism
Involved in calcium homeostasis

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16
Q

How many small oval glands make up parathyroid glands?

A

four; paired; two inferior, two superior

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17
Q

Where are the parathyroid glands located?

A

Back of thyroid gland

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18
Q

What is the parathyroid gland involved with?

A

Maintenance of calcium homeostasis

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19
Q

Where are adrenal glands located?

A

On top of each kidney

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20
Q

What do adrenal glands do?

A

Produce corticosteroids and maintain fluid balance

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21
Q

Where is the pancreas located? Where does it extend from?

A

Posterior to stomach
Extending from duodenum (first part of small intestine) to spleen

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22
Q

What’s the main endocrine function of the pancreas?

A

To control sugar levels in the blood

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23
Q

What does the physical contact between the hypothalamus and pituitary gland allow for?

A

Communication between the nervous and endocrine systems

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24
Q

What are the two lobes of the pituitary gland? Give both names for each.

A

Anterior (adenohypophysis)
Posterior (neurohypophysis)

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25
What is the anterior lobe of the pituitary composed of?
Glandular (adeno) secretory cells
26
What are the 7 hormones that the anterior pituitary gland secretes?
FLAT PMG FSH (follicle stimulating hormone) LH (luteinizing hormone) ACTH (adrenocorticotropic hormone) TSH (thyroid stimulating hormone) PRL (prolactin) MSH (melanocyte stimulating hormone) GH (growth hormone)
27
What do FSH & LH act on? What do they stimulate?
Act on gonads Stimulate secretion of estrogen and progesterone and maturation of oocytes in ovaries Stimulate secretion of testosterone and sperm production in testes
28
What does TSH act on? What does it cause?
Acts on thyroid gland Causes it to release thyroid hormones
29
What does PRL do?
Induces mammary glands of the breast to produce milk
30
What does ACTH act on? What does it do?
Acts on adrenal glands, causing them to release their hormones
31
What does GH do?
Stimulates growth in all cells
32
What does MSH do?
Stimulates melanocytes in skin to product pigment
33
Why is the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland called neurohypophysis?
Made of nervous tissue
34
What does the posterior lobe of pituitary gland release?
ADH (antidiuretic hormone) Oxytocin
35
What is the function of ADH?
Promote reabsorption of water in kidneys
36
What is the function of oxytocin?
Promote uterine contractions during childbirth and plays role in breastfeeding
37
True or false: The anterior and posterior lobes of the pituitary differ in their microscopic structure.
True
38
Which stains darker? Posterior or anterior pituitary?
Anterior
39
Which is made of glandular acini (small saclike cavities) that are arranged in small groups, surrounded by connective tissue?
Anterior pituitary
40
What is the anterior pituitary made of?
glandular acini (small saclike cavities) that are arranged in small groups, surrounded by connective tissue
41
Which part of the pituitary is composed of nervous and connective tissue and does not have acini?
Posterior
42
What is the posterior pituitary made of?
composed of nervous and connective tissue and does not have acini
43
What is the word for small saclike cavities
Acini
44
True or false: The anterior lobe of the pituitary gland releases hormones produced by the hypothalamus
False
45
True or false: The posterior lobe of the pituitary gland does not produce any of the hormones it releases.
True
46
True or false: The anterior lobe of the pituitary gland produces and secretes 7 hormones
True
47
What separates the left and right lobe of thyroid gland?
Isthmus
48
The microscopic structure of the thyroid gland is composed of many structures called ____________.
Follicles
49
Each follicle is lined with _________ ___________ follicular cells that surround a central ___________ filled with material called ___________.
simple cuboidal, lumen, colloid
50
Dispersed between the follicles are the ___________ or 'C' cells
parafollicular
51
What are colloid?
Protein rich fluid secreted by follicular cells of the thyroid gland
52
Follicular cells are simple cuboidal cells that surround each follicle. These produce two thyroid hormones name them:
T3: Triiodothryonine T4: Thyroxine
53
What do T3/T4 do?
Increase rate of metabolism and oxygen consumption
54
What are the function of C cells? What do they produce? What does this hormone produce?
Calcium homeostasis. Produce calcitonin, a hormone that lowers blood calcium concentration.
55
What is a physiological condition where the thyroid gland expands in size, causing a large lump in the neck. This can be caused by an excess or lack of thyroid hormones T3 and T4.
Goitre
56
Along with thyroid glands, parathyroid glands secrete hormones to contribute to _____________________.
Calcium homeostasis
57
What cells are parathyroid glands mostly made of?
Chief cells/principal
58
What do principal cells produce (hormone)? What is the function of the hormone?
Parathyroid hormone (PTH); acts to increase calcium ion concentration in the blood
59
What shape are the adrenal glands?
Pyramids
60
What is the outer layer of the adrenal gland?
The cortex
61
What is the inner layer of the adrenal gland?
The medulla
62
What are do each of the three layers of the adrenal cortex produce?
Outer - produces mineralocorticoids Middle - produces glucocorticoids Inner - produces androgens (sex hormones)
63
What is the core of the adrenal gland called?
Medulla
64
What hormones does the medulla produce?
Epinephrine Norepinephrine
65
The medulla is the core of the adrenal gland, it produces epinephrine and norepinephrine in response to ______________ nervous system stimulation resulting in an ______________ (fight or flight) response.
sympathetic, autonomic
66
What is the long lobular organ that lies posterior to the stomach?
Pancreas
67
What does the medial end (head) reach towards (of intestine)?
Duodenum
68
What does the lateral end (tail) extend towards?
Spleen
69
What does the pancreas produce enzymes for?
Digestion
70
What hormones does the pancreas produce?
Insulin and glucagon
71
What is a mixed gland?
Has both endocrine and exocrine functions
72
The endocrine functions of the pancreas are the result of specialized groups of cells in the pancreatic ________ or _________ of _________________.
islets, islets, Langerhans
73
What do the alpha cells produce?
glucagon
74
What does glucagon do?
Increases blood glucose level
75
Is glucagon hyperglycemic or hypoglycemic hormone?
hyperglycemic
76
What do the beta cells produce?
insulin
77
What does insulin do?
Lowers blood glucose level
78
Is insulin hyperglycemic or hypoglycemic hormone?
hypoglycemic
79
What is a possible treatment for type I diabetes?
Treatment with injection of exogenous insulin
80
Other endocrine functions are associated with... (5)
- Thymus - Digestive system - Kidneys - Gonads - Heart

ANAT 100 (6 decks)

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