Module 10: Considering Your Reproductive Choices and Protecting Against Infectious Diseases and STDs Flashcards
1
Q
define fertility
A
- person’s ability to reproduce
2
Q
what percent of pregnancies in the US are unintended
A
51%
3
Q
define contraception
A
- methods of preventing conception
4
Q
define conception
A
- fertilization of an ovum by a sperm
- takes place in fallopian tube
5
Q
what 3 conditions are necessary for conception
A
- a viable egg: 24-16 hours after release into fallopian tube
- a viable sperm: 48 hours to 1 week after reaching fallopian tube
- access to the egg by the sperm
6
Q
difference between contraceptives and birth control
A
- contraceptives: devices, behaviors, or drugs that prevent conception
- birth control: any method reducing the likelihood of pregnancy and childbirth; including contraceptives, contragestion, and abortion
7
Q
what two concepts evaluate the effectiveness of a particular contraceptive method
A
- perfect-use failure rate
- typical-use failure rate
8
Q
define perfect-use failure rate
A
- number of pregnancies that are likely to occur in the first year of use if the method is used perfectly
9
Q
define typical-use failure rate
A
- number of pregnancies that are likely to occur in the first year of typical use
- normal number of errors, memory lapses, and incorrect or incomplete use
10
Q
what are categories of present methods of contraception
A
- barrier methods
- hormonal methods
- intrauterine methods
- behavioral methods
- permanent methods
11
Q
define barrier methods
A
- block the egg and sperm from joining
- physical or chemical
12
Q
examples of barrier methods
A
- male condom
- female condom
- jellies, creams, foams, suppositories, and film
- diaphragm with spermicidal jelly or cream
- cervical cap with spermicidal jelly or cream
- contraceptive sponge
13
Q
define male condom
A
- thin sheath designed to cover the erect penis and prevent semen from entering the vagina
- can be lubricated or have spermicide
14
Q
what are most male condoms made of
A
- latex
- some can be polyurethane, polyisoprene, or lambskin
15
Q
how much space should be left at the tip of the condom and why
A
- 1/2 inch space
- catches ejaculate
16
Q
advantages of male condoms
A
- only temporary means of birth control for men
- only barriers that effectively prevent STIs
- inexpensive and readily available
- no negative health effects
17
Q
disadvantages of male condoms
A
- potential for user error
- may ruin spontaneity of sex
- may decrease sensation
18
Q
define female condom
A
- single-use, soft, lubricated, loose-fitting sheath meant for internal vaginal use
- one flexible ring at each end: one holds in place over the cervix, other remains outside to protect labia
19
Q
advantages of female condoms
A
- can prevent STIs, including those transmitted by external genital contact
- can be inserted in advance to not disrupt sex
- more personal control for females
- less loss of sensation than male condom
- inexpensive and readily available
- no negative health effects
20
Q
disadvantages of female condoms
A
- potential for user error
- may be disruptive, odd-looking, or difficult to use
- some women have reported external or vaginal irritation
21
Q
define jellies, creams, foams, suppositories, and film
A
- spermicides
- jellies, creams, and foams: applicators for insertion into the vagina to the cervix; chemical and physical barrier
- suppositories: capsules inserted into the vagina
- film: thin film with spermicidal gel covers the cervix
22
Q
advantages of jellies, creams, foams, suppositories, and film
A
- inexpensive
- readily available
- simple to use
23
Q
disadvantages of jellies, creams, foams, suppositories, and film
A
- most effective when used with another method
- messy
- may cause irritation or allergic reactions
- not effective against some STIs
24
Q
define diaphragm with spermicidal jelly or cream
A
- soft and shallow cup made form thin latex rubber
- sits behind pubic bone in front of the cervix and over the back of the cervix
- spermicidal cream or jelly applied to the inside of the diaphragm before insertion
25
is a diaphragm effective without spermicide
- no
26
advantages of diaphragms with spermicidal jelly or cream
- lower typical-use failure rate than other barrier methods
- less disruptive than other methods because it can be inserted up to 6 hours in advance
27
disadvantages of diaphragms with spermicidal jelly or cream
- may require visit to healthcare provider to have one fitted
- difficult to insert and remove
- cannot be used during menstrual period
- can cause toxic shock syndrome if left in for longer than 48 hours
28
define cervical cap with spermicidal jelly or cream
- clear silicone cup that fits snuggly over the entire cervix
- held in place by suction created during application
29
advantages of cervical caps with spermicidal jelly or cream
- relatively effective
- inexpensive
- less disruptive than other barrier methods
- suitable for people allergic to latex
30
disadvantages of cervical caps with spermicidal jelly or cream
- difficult to insert
- requires initial fitting by physician
- cannot be used during menstrual period
- may cause toxic shock syndrome if left in for over 48 hours
31
define contraceptive sponge
- small, round pillow of polyurethane foam
- moistened with water prior to insertion to activate spermicide
- protection lasts for 24 hours
32
advantages of contraceptive sponges
- convenience: doesn't require trip to physician for fitting
- more spontaneity than other barrier methods
33
disadvantages of contraceptive sponges
- less effective for women who have given birth
- may cause allergic reactions
- risk of yeast infection and STIs
- cannot be used during menstruation
- difficult and messy to remove
34
define hormonal methods
- contain synthetic estrogen, progestin, or both
- synthetic estrogen: prevents ovulation
- synthetic progestin: thickens cervical mucus and prevents fertilized egg from implanting
35
examples of hormonal methods
- oral contraceptives
- contraceptive skin patch (xulane)
- vaginal contraceptive ring
- contraceptive injections
- contraceptive implants
36
define oral contraceptives
- birth control pill
- must take pill at same time everyday
- does not protect against STIs
37
what is the most commonly used birth control method among college women
oral contraceptives
38
what are the two types of oral contraceptive pills
- combination
- progestin-only
39
define combination pills
- both syntenic estrogen and synthetic progestin
- 3 week cycle of pills; some have extended cycles
- still have menstrual period but it is lighter
40
advantages of combination pills
- highly effective at preventing pregnancy
- lessen menstrual difficulties
- lowers risk of some cancers, ovarian cysts, PIV, and anemia
41
disadvantages of combination pills
- risk of health problems in older women
- many side effects
42
define progestin-only pills
- only have progestin; no estrogen
- 28-day packs
- ovulation may occur but it still thickens cervical mucus and interferes with fertilized egg implantation
- used for people who have estrogen-relates side effects and those older than 35
43
advantages of progestin-only pills
- highly effective at preventing pregnancy
- no estrogen-related cardiovascular risks
- less side effects than combination pills
- light or no periods
44
disadvantages of progestin-only pills
- super important that you take them at the same time every day
- still some side effects
45
define contraceptive skin patch (xulane)
- transdermal adhesive patch
- worn for 1 week and replaced for 3 consecutive weeks
- delivers continuous levels of estrogen and progestin into the blood stream
46
advantages of contraceptive skin patches (xulane)
- easier to remember to replace weekly than to take a daily pill
- may offer reduction in risk of certain health conditions
47
disadvantages of contraceptive skin patches (xulane)
- requires exam from physician and prescription
- expensive
- no protection against STIs
- estrogen in it causes cardiovascular risks
48
define vaginal contraceptive ring (nuvaring)
- soft, flexible plastic hormonal contraceptive ring
- inserted into vagina and stays for 3 weeks; removed for one week
- releases steady flow of estrogen and progestin
49
advantages of vaginal contraceptive rings (nuvaring)
- lower risk of user error
- no need for physician to fit it
- rapid return of fertility once use is stopped
- lower dose of estrogen than patch and some combination pills
- potential health benefits
50
disadvantages of vaginal contraceptive rings (nuvaring)
- requires physician exam and prescription
- expensive
- no STI protection
- side effects of vaginal discharge, vaginal irritation, infection
51
define contraceptive injections (depo-provera)
- IM or subq
- long acting progestin injected every 3 months
- prevents ovulation, thickens cervical mucus, and thins uterine lining
52
advantages of contraceptive injections (depo-provera)
- little user error
- light or no menstrual period
- no estrogen-related health risks
- potential health benefits
53
disadvantages of contraceptive injections (depo-provera)
- requires initial exam and prescription
- follow up visits every 3 months for injections
- no STI protection
- irregular bleeding
- weight gain
- loss of bone density
- side effects may linger for up to 6 months after last shot
- fertility may not return for up to 1 year after final injection
54
define contraceptive implants (nexplanon)
- small, soft plastic capsule inserted beneath the skin of the upper arm
- releases low, steady dose of progestin for up to 3 years
- suppresses ovulation
55
advantages of contraceptive implants (nexplanon)
- discreet
- highly effective
- only needs to be replaced every 3 years
- light or no menstrual periods
- lack of estrogen-related side effects
56
disadvantages of contraceptive implants (nexplanon)
- insertion and removal must be done by healthcare provider
- higher initial cost
- side effects of irritation, allergic reaction, swelling around area of insertion
- less effective in women who are overweight
- irregular bleeding
- no STI protection
57
define intrauterine methods
- interfere with sperm movement and egg fertilization
- small device inserted into the uterus
58
examples of intrauterine methods
- paraguard
- mirena
- skyla
- liletta
59
define paraguard IUD
- copper around the shaft
- contains no hormones
- can be left in place for 12 years
60
define mirena IUD
- releases small amounts of progestin
- effective for 5 years
61
define skyla IUD
- lower dose and small sized version of mirena IUD
- designed for women who have not yet had a baby
- effective for 3 years
62
define liletta IUD
- more affordable than other IUDs
- effective for 3 years
63
advantages of IUDs
- safe, discreet, and highly effective
- paraguard: contains no hormones so it has none of the potential negative health impacts
- skyla, mirena, liletta: same benefits as other progestin only methods, light or no periods
- fully reversible after removal
- no need to remember anything daily or weekly
64
disadvantages of IUDs
- discomfort during insertion and removal
- expensive
- no STI protection
- paraguard: heavy menstrual flow, acne, mood changes, cramps
65
define behavioral methods
- temporary or permanent abstinence or planning intercourse around fertility patterns
- require more self-control, diligence, and commitment
- more prone to user error
66
examples of behavioral methods
- withdrawal
- abstinence and "outercourse"
- fertility awareness methods
67
define withdrawal
- removing penis from vagina just before ejaculation
- high risk of pregnancy and STI transmission
68
define abstinence and "outercourse"
- abstinence includes avoiding oral, vaginal, and anal sex
- outercourse includes oral sex and mutual masturbation
69
what is the only form of avoiding pregnancy and STIs that is 100% effective
- abstinence
70
define fertility awareness methods
- altering sex behavior during certain times of the month
- observing female fertile periods and abstaining from sex during times when a viable sperm and egg could meet
71
common forms of fertility awareness methods
- cervical mucus method: examining consistency and color of vaginal discharge
- body temperature method: body temperature rises after ovulation
- calendar method: keeping record of menstrual cycle
72
define permanent methods
- sterilization
- surgically block the sperm's ability to fertilize the egg
73
define female sterilization
- tubal ligation: fallopian tubes cut or tied
- essure: placement of microcoils into fallopian tubes which promote scare tissue that blocks tubes
- adiana: silicone insert placed into fallopian tubes creating scar tissue that blocks the tubes
- hysterectomy: removal of uterus
74
advantages of female sterilization
- highly effective
- one time expense
- no use of hormones
75
disadvantages of female sterilization
- risks with tubal ligation surgery
- long-term risks of essure and adiana are unknown
- no STI protection
- initially expensive
76
define male sterilization
- vasectomy
- small incision into scrotum and tying off vas deferens
77
advantages of male sterilization
- highly effective
- simple procedure
- one time expense
- no hormones used
78
disadvantages of male sterilization
- no STI protection
- surgery related risks
- initially expensive
79
define emergency contraception
- prevents pregnancy after unprotected sex, sexual assault, or failure of other birth control method
- often are combination pills
- must be taken within 72 hours of unprotected sex
80
define abortion
- termination of a pregnancy by expulsion or removal of an embryo or fetus from the uterus
- right to abortion from Roe v. Wade
81
what are the types of surgical abortions
- suction curettage (vacuum aspiration or dilation and curettage)
- dilation and evacuation
- intact dilation and extraction
82
define suction curettage (dilation and curettage)
- majority of abortions in the US
- cervix dilated, long tube inserted into the uterus, gentle suction removed fetal tissues
83
define dilation and evacuation
- abortion method during second or third trimester
- cervix dilated, fetal tissue is scraped and vacuumed from uterus
84
define intact dilation and extraction
- late term abortion procedure
- body of fetus is extracted up to the head and contents of the cranium are aspirated
- illegal in US
85
define medical abortion
- termination of pregnancy using hormonal medications (mifepristone)
- medicine blocks progesterone and uterine lining is expelled
- performed before 9 weeks
- must have follow up visits and observations by physicians
86
what should you evaluate before planning to have a baby
- emotional health
- finances
- maternal age
- maternal and paternal physical health
87
what is the average cost of raising a child to 18
$241,080
88
what are age-related risks of pregnancy
- down syndrome
- miscarriage
89
why is maternal physical health important when having a baby
- fetus is susceptible to problems within the first 4 to 10 weeks of development, before prenatal care
- must practice healthy behaviors such as nutrition when planning for a pregnancy
90
define pregnancy testing
- positive indicates presence of human chorionic gonadotropin
91
what are early signs of pregnancy
- missed period
- breast tenderness
- emotional upset
- sleeplessness
- nausea and vomiting
92
what happens during the first trimester
- few noticeable changes in mothers body
- morning sickness
- embryo develops organ systems starting with nervous and cardiovascular and becomes a fetus
93
what happens during the second trimester
- physical changes in the mother are more visible
- placenta becomes well established
94
what happens during the third trimester
- greatest fetal growth
- layer of fat develops
- organs all dully develop
95
what are essential parts of prenatal care
- nutrition
- exercise
- avoiding drugs and alcohol
- prenatal testing and screening
96
define teratogenic
- causing birth defects
- refers to drugs, environmental chemicals, radiation, or diseases
97
define fetal alcohol syndrome
- pattern of birth defects, learning, and behavioral problems in a child caused by the mother's alcohol consumption during pregnancy
98
define toxoplasmosis
- disease caused by an organism found in cat feces that, when contracted by a pregnant woman, may result in stillbirth or birth defects.
99
define ultrasonography (ultrasound)
- common prenatal test that uses sound waves to create a visual image of a developing fetus
- determines fetal size and position
100
define chorionic villus sampling (CVS)
- prenatal test that involves snipping tissue from the fetal sac to be analyzed for genetic defects
101
define triple marker screen (TMS)
- common maternal blood test that can be used to identify certain birth defects and genetic abnormalities in a fetus
102
define amniocentesis
- test in which small amount of fluid is drawn from amniotic sac to test for down syndrome and other genetic abnormalities
103
define the 3 stages of labor
- stage 1: dilation of cervix
- stage 2: baby's head pushes through birth canal and baby is delivered
- stage 3: delivery of placenta
104
define episiotomy
- incision in mother's perineum to prevent the baby's head from tearing vaginal tissue
105
why might a C section be performed
- labor lasts too long
- baby is in physiological distress
- maternal blood pressure is high
- placenta separates before baby is ready to come out
106
define preeclampsia
- high blood pressure, protein in urine, and edema
- causes strokes and seizures if untreated
107
define miscarriage
- caused by meiotic failure, genetic abnormalities, maternal illness, or infections
108
define ectopic pregnancy
- implantation of fertilized egg outside of the uterus
- must be terminated
109
define stillbirth
- death of fetus after 20th week of pregnancy but before delivery
110
define colostrum
- yellow fluid secreted the first two days after birth
- before milk starts to flow
- contains antibodies
111
advantages of breast feeding
- baby gets antibodies and recovers from sickness faster
- less likely to be obese later in life
- fewer allergies
- may be more intelligent
112
define sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS)
- unexpected death of child under 1 year for no apparent reason
- exact cause is unknown
113
define infertility
- inability to conceive after a year or more of trying
114
causes of infertility in women
- polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS)
- premature ovarian failure
- endometriosis
- pelvic inflammatory disease (PID)
115
causes of infertility in men
- low sperm count
- environmental factors
- overweight
- wearing excessively tight underwear
116
define fertility drugs
- stimulate ovulation in women who are not ovulating
- have many side effects
- increases risk of ovarian cysts and liver damage
117
define alternative insemination
- insemination of a woman with her partners sperm or sperm of anonymous donor
118
define in vitro fertilization (IVF)
- eggs and sperm mixed in lab to fertilize and transferred to the women's uterus
119
define surrogacy
- woman hired to carry another person's pregnancy to term
120
what are the 2 types of adoption
- confidential
- open
121
define confidential adoption
- birth parents and adoptive parents never know each other
122
define open adoption
- both parents and adoptive parents know some information about each other
- different levels of openness
123
what are most infectious diseases
- multifactorial
- caused by interaction of several factors inside and outside the person
124
define epidemiological triad of disease
- host must come into contact with a pathogen
- host must be susceptible to infection
- environment must be hospitable to the pathogen
125
define opportunistic infection
- infections occurring in people with compromised immune systems
126
define contact transmission
- direct: skin or sexual contact
- indirect: infected blood or body fluid
127
define foodborne or waterborne transmission
- eating, drinking, washing, and unsanitary food preparation
128
define airborne transmission
- infection spread by inhaling droplets from and infected person's sneezes or coughs
129
define vector-borne transmission
- blood-sucking insects such as mosquitoes, fleas, flies, or ticks pass along pathogens when they bite human victims
130
define perinatal transmission
- similar to contact infection
- happens as a baby passes through the birth canal or through breast feeding
131
define autoinoculate
- transmit pathogen from one part of your body to another
- touching herpes sore on your lip and then touching your eye
132
define zoonotic infections
- animal-borne
- rare in occurrence
- dogs, cats, livestock, wild animals
- lyme disease, rabies
133
how can you reduce your risk of infectious disease
- limit exposure to pathogens
- exercise regularly
- get enough sleep
- stress less
- optimize eating
134
what risk factors for infection are not controllable
- heredity
- age
- environmental conditions
- organism virulence and resistance
135
why is antibiotic resistance on the rise
- overuse of antibiotics in food production
- improper use of antibiotics by people
- misuse and overuse of antibacterial soaps and other cleaning products
136
what is the most critical early defense system from infection and why
- skin
- physical barrier
- acidic pH discourages microbe growth
- sweat and oil gland secretions kill many bacteria
137
what protections does out body have against infections
- skin
- mucous membranes
- cilia in respiratory tract
- tears
- earwax
138
define antigen
- substance capable of triggering an immune repsonse
139
define antibodies
- substances produced by the body that are individually matched to specific antigens
- destroy or weaken the antigen
140
define humoral immunity
- aspect of immunity that is mediated by antibodies secreted by white blood cells
141
define toxins
- poisonous substances produced by certain microorganisms that cause various diseases
142
define cell-mediated immunity
- aspect of immunity that is mediated by specialized white blood cells that attack pathogens and antigens directly
143
define lymphocyte
- type of white blood cell
- involved in immune response
- main defense against viruses, fungi, parasites, and some bacteria
- includes B lymphocytes (B cells) and T lymphocytes (T cells)
144
define macrophage
- type of white blood cell
- ingests foreign material
145
describe the role of the following lymphocytes: helper T cells, killer T cells, suppressor T cells, memory T and B cells
- helper T cells: activate B cells to produce antibodies and other T cells and macrophages
- killer T cells: directly attack infected cells
- suppressor T cells: turn off activity of B cells, killer T cells, and macrophages
- memory T and B cells: enables body to recognize and respond quickly to subsequent attacks by the same organism
146
describe the body's immune repsonse
- antigens invade the body by breaking through protective barriers
- helper T cells recognize the invading antigens and trigger the production of killer T cells and B cells
- killer T cells destroy infected cells and B cells produce antibodies that attach to antigens and mark them for destruction by macrophages
- suppressor T cells stop the activity of B cells, killer T cells, and macrophages and memory B and T cells are reserved
147
define autoimmune disease
- disease caused by overactive immune response against the body's own cells
148
symptoms of the inflammatory response
- redness
- swelling
- pain
- heat
149
define vaccine
- killed or weakened versions of pathogens
- produces antibodies to help future attacks
- artificially acquired active immunity
150
what are the 6 categories of pathogens
- bacteria
- viruses
- fungi
- protozoans
- parasitic worms
- prions
151
define bacteria
- unicellular
- 3 major types: cocci, bacilli, spirilla
- 100 known to cause disease in humans
152
define staphylococci
- present on skin or in nostrils
- usually cause no problems
153
define colonization
- presence of infectious organisms on or in a person without infection
- may spread organism to others
154
define methicillin resistant staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)
- bacteria that has grown resistant to methicillin antibiotic
- one of the leading health care associated infection
- appears as skin infection inflamed and painful with pus
155
define clostridium difficile
- leads to major inflammation of the colon and watery diarrhea
- often caused by using antibiotics for other reasons and C. diff flourishes
156
define streptococal infections
- group A: strep throat, scarlet fever, flesh-eating strep
- group B: illness in newborns, pregnant women, older adults, and adults with illnesses
157
define meningitis
- inflammation of meninges (membranes surrounding the brain and spinal cord)
- can be bacterial, viral, parasitic, and fungal
158
what is the most serious infectious form of meningitis
- bacterial meningitis
- meningococcal meningitis
159
how is bacterial meningitis spread
- contact with saliva, nasal discharge, feces, or respiratory secretions
160
symptoms of meningitis
- sudden fever
- headache
- stiff neck
161
define pneumonia
- wide range of conditions that result in inflammation of the lungs and difficulty breathing
- bacterial, viral, fungal
162
define tuberculosis
- airborne transmission
- fever, cough, fluid and blood-filled lungs
- has antibiotic resistant strains
163
what are tick-borne bacterial diseases
- lyme disease
- babesiosis
- ehrlichiosis
- rickettsia: rocky mountain spotted fever, typhus
164
define escherichia coli
- one of 170 types of e. coli
- most e. coli are harmless
- e. coli O157:H7 produces toxin
- food-borne or from swimming in contaminated water
165
define viruses
- smallest known pathogens
- invade and inject their own DNA or RNA into host cells
166
define incubation period
- time between exposure to disease and appearance of symptoms
167
define the common cold
- many viruses responsible; mostly rhinovirus
- endemic throughout the world
- airborne, contact
168
define influenza
- many types
- prevent through vaccination every year
169
define hepatitis
- inflammation of the liver
- several forms (A, B, C, D, E)
170
define hepatitis A
- foodborne, waterborne, sexual contact, needles
- declining rates since vaccine was developed
171
define hepatitis B
- spread through body fluids, sexual contact, or mother to baby
- vaccine is available
172
define hepatitis C
- blood transfusion, organ transplants
- epidemic rise in many regions of the world
- vaccine not yet available
173
examples of fungal infections
- candidiasis (yeast infection)
- athletes foot
- ringworm
- toenail fungus
- valley fever
174
examples of protozoan infections
- malaria
- african sleeping sickness
- giardiasis
175
examples of parasitic worms
- pinworms
- tapeworms
176
define prion
- self-replicating
- protein based agent
177
examples of prion infection
- bovine spongiform encephalopathy (mad cow disease)
- variant creutzfeld-jakob disease
178
why have rates for many infectious diseases increased within the past decade
- overpopulation
- inadequate health care
- increasing poverty
- environmental changes
- drug resistance
179
examples of emerging and resurgent diseases
- measles and mumps
- west nile virus
- avian and swine flu
180
define chlamydia
- bacterial
- most commonly reported STI in the US
181
signs and symptoms of chlamydia
- men: painful urination, pus-like discharge from the penis
- women: yellow discharge, spotting between periods
182
chlamydia complications
- men: injury to prostate gland, seminal vesicles, and bulbourethral glands; arthritis-like symptoms; inflammatory damage to blood vessels and heart; epididymitis
- women: injure cervix or fallopian tubes; cause sterility; pelvic inflammatory disease
183
diagnosis and treatment of chlamydia
- sample of urine or fluids from vagina or penis collected and tested
- easily treatable with antibiotics
184
define gonorrhea
- bacterial
- primarily infects urethra, genital tract, pharynx, and rectum
- can spread to eyes
185
signs and symptoms of gonorrhea
- men: milky discharge from penis; painful urination; epididymitis
- women: most are asymptomatic; vaginal discharge, painful urination
186
gonorrhea complications
- men: spreads to prostate, testicles, urinary tract, kidneys, and bladder; may cause sterility; painful curvature during erection
- women: spread to fallopian tubes and ovaries; causes sterility; PID, can spread through blood and infect the joints, heart valves, or brain; can be transmitted to baby
187
diagnosis and treatment of gonorrhea
- sample of urine or fluid from the vagina or penis
- treatable in early stages but it has begun to develop resistance
188
define syphilis
- bacterial
- high prevalence in african americans and men who have sex with men
- transferred only through direct sexual contact or form mother to baby
- known as great imitator because its symptoms resemble those of several other infections
189
describe the first stage of syphilis
- primary syphilis
- development of chancre: oozing sore located at site of infection
190
describe the second stage of syphilis
- secondary syphilis
- month to year after chancre disappears
- rash or white patches on skin or mucous membranes
- hair loss
- enlarged lymph nodes
191
describe the third stage of syphilis
- latent syphilis
- syphilis invades body organs
- causes lesions called gummas
- rarely transmitted to others
192
describe the fourth and final stage of syphilis
- tertiary/late syphilis
- years after syphilis entered the body
- heart and central nervous system damage
- blindness
- deafness
- paralysis
- dementia
193
syphilis complications
- pregnant women can experience premature births, miscarriages, stillbirth, or transmit infection to baby
194
diagnosis and treatment of syphilis
- blood test or chancre sample
- easily treated with antibiotics, usually penicillin
195
define herpes
- viral
- sores or eruptions on skin
- transmitted through sex, kissing, or sharing eating utensils
- two types of the virus: 1 in 6 americans have HSV2; half of all adults have HSV1
196
signs and symptoms of herpes
- redness at site of infection
- blister filled with clear fluid
- virus will be dormant until immune system is compromised; blister will reform
197
herpes complications
- can be passed to baby during birth; c-section needed
198
diagnosis and treatment of herpes
- collecting sample from sore or performing blood test
- no cure; antiviral medications can prevent or shorten outbreaks
199
define human papillomavirus (HPV)
- viral
- causes genital warts and can lead to cervical cancer
- many different types of viruses
200
signs and symptoms of human papillomavirus (HPV)
- incubation period: 6 to 8 weeks
- genital warts: series of bumps or growths on the genitals
201
human papillomavirus (HPV) complications
- cervical cancer
- cancer around the tonsils
- possible risk factor for coronary artery disease
- transmitted to baby during delivery
202
diagnosis and treatment of human papillomavirus (HPV)
- visual examination of genital warts; pap smear in women
- treatment for low-risk forms that cause genital warts; topical medication; frozen with liquid nitrogen
203
define candidiasis
- fungal
- yeast infection in vagina
- thrush in mouth
- normal in vagina
- multiply and cause fungal disease when normal chemical balance of vagina is disturbed
204
signs and symptoms of candidiasis
- severe itching and burning of vagina
- white cheesy discharge
- white patches in mouth
205
diagnosis and treatment of candidiasis
- collecting vaginal sample
- antifungal drugs applied to surface or by suppository
206
define trichomoniasis
- protozoan
- sexual contact and items with discharged fluid on them
207
signs and symptoms of trichomoniasis
- men: most are asymptomatic; irritation inside the penis; mild discharge; slight burning after urination
- women: yellow discharge; burning sensation; itching; painful urination
208
diagnosis and treatment of trichomoniasis
- collecting fluid samples from penis or vagina
- oral medications
209
define public lice
- parasitic
- often called crabs
210
signs and symptoms of public lice
- itchiness
- bluish-gray skin color in pubic region
- sores in genital area
211
diagnosis and treatment of public lice
- exam by health care provider
- washing clothes, furniture, and linens that may arbor eggs; takes 2 to 3 weeks to kill all larval forms
212
define human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)
- virus that causes AIDS
- majority infected in sub-saharan africa
213
how is HIV transmitted
- body fluids: semen, vaginal secretions, blood
- sexual contact, contact with infected blood through needles, mother to child
214
signs and symptoms of HIV/AIDS
- opportunistic infections: infections when immune system in compromised
- pre-AIDS: colds, sore throats, fever, tiredness, nausea, night sweats
- progressing HIV: wasting syndrome, swollen lymph nodes, neurological problems
- AIDS: dangerously low CD4 cell count
215
testing for HIV
- blood test ELISA detects antibodies
- PCR test detects genetic material of HIV
- rapid HIV tests using blood or oral fluids
216
treatments for HIV
- combination of drugs: protease inhibitors and reverse transcriptase inhibitors
