Module 10 – Nutrition and Food Processing

Question 1

______ is the process of acquisition and use of food

Answer 1

Nutrition

Question 2

_________ is a molecule in food that can be used by an organism that “eats” the door to continue their physiological processes

Answer 2

Nutrient

Question 3

______ are substances that are used as energy sources to power the systems of the body, ingredients to make compounds for metabolic processes, building blocks in the growth and repair of tissues

Answer 3

Nutrients

Question 4

All animals are _______ – organisms that must obtain their energy and nourishment from organic molecules

Answer 4

Heterotrophs

Question 5

Plants are ________ – organisms that produce their own nourishment using energy from sunlight

Answer 5

Autotrophs

Question 6

______ are the most important source of energy

Ingested as polysaccharides

Answer 6

Carbohydrates

Question 7

_______ are fats and fat-like substances

Triglyceride

Answer 7

Lipids

Question 8

_______ are composed of amino acids and service as enzymes and essential structural components of cells

Answer 8

Proteins

Question 9

_______ small amounts for biochemical processes

Answer 9

Organic compounds

Question 10

_______ results for dietary intake that is either below of above required needs

Answer 10

Malnutrition

Question 11

In human populations, both _______ and obesity are serious health problems

Answer 11

Undermutrition

Question 12

Selection, acquisition, and ingestion of food

Answer 12

Feeding

Question 13

Process of breaking down food mechanically and chemically

Answer 13

Digestion

Question 14

The passage of nutrients through the lining of the digestive tract into blood

Answer 14

Absorption

Question 15

Process of discharging undefeated and absorbed food

Answer 15

Egestion

Question 16

_______ occurs within cells, typically inside and organelle like a food vacuole

Answer 16

Intracellular digestion

Question 17

________ occurs in a centralized tubule or cavity but not inside individual cells

Answer 17

Extracellular digestion

Question 18

________ have one orifice (body opening) that is used for ingestion and for egestion, mouth and anus purposes

Answer 18

Incomplete digestive systems

Question 19

________ have on orifice for ingestion and a separate orifice for elimination

Answer 19

Complete digestive systems

Question 20

_______ feed by endophytes is and egestion is by exocytosis

Answer 20

Amoeba

Question 21

Food particles are drawn into the mouth from a food vacuole. Nutritious contents of the vacuole exit with diffusion and then vacuole comes into contact with the anal pore

Answer 21

Paramecium

Question 22

Some invertebrates have a _______ with a single opening which serves as both mouth and anus

Answer 22

Gastrovascular cavity

Question 23

Most invertebrates and all vertebrates have a _______ or tube-within-tube body plan

Answer 23

Complete digestive tract

Question 24

Waves of muscle contraction push food in one direction from mouth to anus

Answer 24

Peristalsis

Question 25

Accessory glands secrete digestive juices into the digestive tract ______(3)

Answer 25

Liver Pancreas Salivary glands

Question 26

________ begins in the mouth and teeth of meals are specialized to preform specific functions

Answer 26

Mechanical digestion

Question 27

_________ secrete saliva into the mouth, the enzyme _______ begins the chemical digestion of starch into sugar

Answer 27

Salivary glands | Salivary amylase

Question 28

A _______ at the lower end of the esophagus releases to allow food to enter the stomach

Answer 28

Sphincter

Question 29

Folders of the stomach wall (______) allow the stomach to expand to hold up a liter of food

Answer 29

Rugae

Question 30

Cells in gastric glands secrete ________ acid and ________, an inactive precursor which is converter by acidic gastric juice to _______, a digestive enzyme that hydrolyzes proteins to short peptides

Answer 30

HCL Pepsinogen Pepsin

Question 31

Starch is degraded to small polysaccharides and maltose unit salivary _______ is activated by stomach acids

Answer 31

Amylase

Question 32

Inner surface, digestive surface

Answer 32

Mucosa

Question 33

______ blood vessels transport nutrients

Answer 33

Submucosa

Question 34

Moves food though peristalsis

Answer 34

Muscularis

Question 35

Outer layer

Answer 35

Serosa

Question 36

Millions of tiny ________ increase the surface area of the small intestine for digestion and absorption of nutrients

Answer 36

Villi

Question 37

_______ absorb broken down lipids which capillaries absorb a variety of other nutrients

Answer 37

Lacteals

Question 38

_______ – indigestible solid material and bile salts, also occurs in the colon

Answer 38

Storage of feces

Question 39

____ secretes bile which digests fats by a detergent like action (emulsification)

Answer 39

Liver

Question 40

Secretes both digestion enzymes and hormones that regulate blood glucose levels

Answer 40

Pancreas

Question 41

_______ digests polypeptides to dip epithets

Answer 41

Trypsin

Question 42

_______ degrades lipids

Answer 42

Pancreatic lipase

Question 43

_______ breakers down complex carbohydrates to disaccharides

Answer 43

Pancreatic amylase

Question 44

_______ secreted by salivary glands

Answer 44

Amylase

Question 45

Secreted by the lining in the small intestine

Answer 45

Maltase

Question 46

Digests proteins into peptides _______ in stomach _______ in the duodenum

Answer 46

Pepsin | Trypsin

Question 47

digestion so small peptides into amino acids in the small intestine

Answer 47

Peptidases

Question 48

Lipids are initial emulsified by _______ of the liver

Answer 48

Bile salts

Question 49

They are hydrolyzes by ______ into glycerol and fatty acids

Answer 49

Pancreatic lipase

Question 50

Swelling of the appendix

Answer 50

Appendicitis

Question 51

Results when lining breaks down

Answer 51

Ulcers

Question 52

Know as cholecystectomy

Answer 52

Gallbladder disease

Question 53

_________ are compounds that separate into ions when dissolved

Answer 53

Electrolytes

Question 54

_______ is a ability to counteract osmotic stress and maintain homeostasis with respect to water and electrolyte balance

Answer 54

Osmoregulatoin

Question 55

Body fluids of most marine invertebrates are in osmotic equilibrium with surrounding sea water

Answer 55

Osmoconformers

Question 56

__________ are animals that have homeostatic mechanisms that maintain salt concentration in their surrounding tissues regardless of their surroundings

Answer 56

Osmoregulators

Question 57

Holds the most body fluid

Answer 57

Intracellular fluid

Question 58

_______ includes interstitial fluid, lymph, and blood plasma

Answer 58

Extracellular fluid

Question 59

______ forms for plasma and other materials throughout the body

Answer 59

Interstitial fluid

Question 60

In vertebrates, blood _______ transport nutrients, gases, waste products, and other materials through the body

Answer 60

Plasma

Question 61

_______ describes the amount of solute in the solvent

Answer 61

Tonicity/osmolarity

Question 62

______ is the diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane from a more dilute solution to a less dilute solution

Answer 62

Osmosis

Question 63

______ is the process which organisms control the concentration of water and salt so that their body fluids do not become too dilute or too concentrated

Answer 63

Osmoregulatoin

Question 64

_______ system functions in both osmoregulation and in disposal of metabolic wastes

Answer 64

Excretory

Question 65

_______ is the process of ridding the body of metabolic wastes

Answer 65

Excretion

Question 66

The principle metabolic waste products are carbon dioxide, water, and ______

Answer 66

Nitrogenous wastes

Question 67

The mechanism of amino acids, the nitrogen contraining amino group is removed (deaminiation) and converted to ________

Answer 67

Ammonia

Question 68

Highly toxic | Deammination of amino acids

Answer 68

Ammonia

Question 69

Less toxic | Produced from ammonia and breakdown of nucleotides

Answer 69

Uric acid

Question 70

Less toxic | Produced in the liver from ammonia by the urea cycle

Answer 70

Urea

Question 71

Flatworms have _______ comprised of tubules with no internal openings

Answer 71

Protonephridia

Question 72

Enlarged blind ends consists of _______

Answer 72

Flame cells

Question 73

Most Annelida and Mollusks have ______ – tubes that open at both ends

Answer 73

Metanephridia

Question 74

The ciliates inner end opens into the coelom – the outer opens to the outside though a ________

Answer 74

Nephridiopore

Question 75

Major organ of excretion and is responsible of osmoregulation in vertebrates

Answer 75

Kidney

Question 76

Is the functional unite of the kidney

Answer 76

nephron

Question 77

Steps in urine production (4)

Answer 77

Filtration Reabsorption Secretion Concentration