Module 7: Effectors And Movement

Question 1

______ in animals detect changes in the environment called stimuli

Answer 1

Sensory organs

Question 2

_______ interpret the stimuli detected by sensory organs

Answer 2

Nervous systems

Question 3

________ are tissues that take direction from the nervous system and carry out the appropriate response

Answer 3

Effectors

Question 4

______ is the maintained of a steady state

Typically involves the ______ system and _______ glands

Answer 4

Homeostasis
Autonomic nervous
Endocrine

Question 5

_______ most common, the response of the regulator decreases the effect of stimuli
Ex. Glucose regulation, body temperature control

Answer 5

Negative feedback systems

Question 6

______ the response of the regulator increases the effect (sustaining the stimuli)
Ex. Contractions, blood clotting, lactation, generation of nerve impulses

Answer 6

Positive feedback systems

Question 7

Soft bodied invertebrates

Ex. Hydra, flatworms, earthworms

Answer 7

Hydrostatic skeleton

Question 8

Cnidarians (hydra), contraction of the outer layer causes shortening and contraction of the inner layer causes lengthening

Answer 8

Fluid in closed body compartments

Question 9

In annelid worms (earthworms), separate isolate portions of the body cavity, allowing the hydrostatic skeletons of each segment to be largely independent from one another

Answer 9

Fluid in closed body compartment

Question 10

The polysaccharide chin tin and calcium carbonate are deposited on the _______ in ______
Protection and transmission of forces
No living shells does not grow so anthropods must moly periodically
Paired appendages with joints allow for faster movement
Ex. Mollisols and anthropods

Answer 10

Outside

Exoskeletons

Question 11

______ consists of plates of shafts of calcium impregnated living tissue that can ______ along the animal
Ex. Vertebrates, some invertebrates (starfish)

Answer 11

Living internal skeleton
Grow
Endoskeletons

Question 12

Firm, flexible, connective tissue found in selected regions of the vertebrate skeleton

Answer 12

Cartilage

Question 13

Rigid connective tissues that comprises the majority of vertebrate skeletons

Answer 13

Bone

Question 14

Spacers found at bone-bone junctions, allowing movement without bones rubbing against eachother

Answer 14

Joint

Question 15

Fibrous connective tissue that attaches bone to bone, holding skeletal components together

Answer 15

Ligament

Question 16

Fibrous connective tissue attaching bones to muscle

Answer 16

Tendon

Question 17

In addition to its role in locommotion and movement, the vertebrate skeletal system? (3)

Answer 17

Storage site for calcium
Physical protection for brain, spinal chord, lungs,
Contains bone marrow

Question 18

Located along the central axis of the body; consists the skull, vertebral column, ribs, and sternum

Answer 18

Axial skeleton

Question 19

Bones of limbs

Pectoral (shoulder) griddle and pelvic (hip) griddle, which connect the limbs to the axial skeleton

Answer 19

Appendicular skeleton

Question 20

______ (4) are located along the central axis of the body

Answer 20

Skull (mandible)
Vertebral column
Rib cage
Sternum

Question 21

Everything else

Ex. Limbs, pectoral griddle (shoulder bones) pelvic hip griddle (hip bones)

Answer 21

Appendicular skeleton

Question 22

Left and right Clavicle and Scapula

Answer 22

Pictorial griddles

Question 23

Left and right humerus, ulna radius

Answer 23

Arm and forearm

Question 24

Left and right carpal, metal carpal phalanges

Answer 24

Hands

Question 25

Hip bones

Answer 25

Pelvic griddle

Question 26

Femur, fibula, tibia, patella

Answer 26

Thigh and leg

Question 27

Tarsals and metatarsals phalanges

Answer 27

Feet and ankles

Question 28

Inner _______ contains the bone marrow | Outer ______

Answer 28

Spongy bone | Compact bone

Question 29

Compact bone consists of units called _______ or ______

Answer 29

Osteons | Haversian systems

Question 30

Osteons and haversian systems contain: ______ trapped in ______ (pits) in concentric circles ______ containing blood vessels and nerves which run through each osteon ______ which are concentric like layers of matrix containing calcium

Answer 30

Osteocytes & lacunae Haversian canal Lamellae

Question 31

Rounded end of the long bone that contains red marrow, the epiphysis all plate is where bone growth occurs

Answer 31

2 epiphyses

Question 32

Covers the epiphyses to prevent bone from ribbing on bone

Answer 32

Articular cartilage

Question 33

Mid section of long bone containing bone marrow

Answer 33

Diaphysis

Question 34

______ is a thin layer of connective tissue that lines the surface of the bony tissue that forms the medullary cavity of long bones

Answer 34

Endosteum

Question 35

_______ is a membrane that covers the outer surface of all bones

Answer 35

Periosteum

Question 36

Immature cells the form to build bone Secrete the bone matrix made up of calcium and collagen fibers As the matrix forms around the _______, these trapped ______ become osteocytes

Answer 36

Osteoblasts

Question 37

Multinucleated cells that resort/break down collagen and calcium crystals

Answer 37

Osteoclasts

Question 38

Mature bone cells trapped in lucunae

Answer 38

Osteocytes

Question 39

______ and _______ work in balance to maintain to shape and model bones for growth and development

Answer 39

Osteoblasts and osteoclasts

Question 40

________ takes place more rapidly that bone formation by the osteoblasts

Answer 40

Bone resorption by osteoclasts

Question 41

______ consists of long, striated cells with many nuclei organized in bundles wrapped by connective tissue

Answer 41

Skeletal muscle

Question 42

______: The plasma membrane that has multiple inward extensions that form _______

Answer 42

Sarcolemma | T Tubes

Question 43

The cytoplasm of a muscle fiber

Answer 43

Sarcoplasm

Question 44

The endoplasmic reticulum of a muscle fiber

Answer 44

Sarcoplasmic reticulum

Question 45

_______: Threadlike structures that run lengthwise through the muscle fibers that are made up of two types of ________

Answer 45

Myofibrils | Myofiliments

Question 46

Myofilaments are made up of 2 types

Answer 46

Thick myosin filaments – consists mainly of protein myosin | Thin actin filaments – consists mainly of the protein actin

Question 47

______ are the basic unit of muscle contraction containing myosin and actin filaments

Answer 47

Sarcomeres

Question 48

______ and _______ filaments overlap lengthwise in muscle fibers production a pattern of ______ (I, A, and H bands)

Answer 48

Myosin Actin Striations

Question 49

Actin filaments only of two adjacent sacromeres

Answer 49

I bands

Question 50

Myosin and actin filaments

Answer 50

A band

Question 51

Myosin filaments only

Answer 51

H zone

Question 52

Muscle contractions occur when _______ shorten

Answer 52

Sarcomeres

Question 53

_______ and _______ slide past on another, increasing their overlap

Answer 53

Actin | Myosin

Question 54

______ and ______ decrease in length

Answer 54

I band | H band

Question 55

Actin (thin) and myosin (thick) filaments ______

Answer 55

Do not shorten

Question 56

Skeletal muscles act ______ to one another

Answer 56

Antagonistically

Question 57

_______ is an immediate energy source for muscle contraction

Answer 57

ATP hydrolysis

Question 58

Compound can anaerobically donate a phosphate group to ADP to form ATP during the first 2-7 seconds following an intense muscular or neuronal effort

Answer 58

Creatine phosphate

Question 59

Fuel sorted in muscle fibers and liver | Broken down to glucose for aerobic

Answer 59

Glycogen

Question 60

Triglyceride is long term energy storage form

Answer 60

Fat

Question 61

Occurs when there is oxygen debt during exercise causes muscles to obtain energy anaerobically through _______

Answer 61

Lactic acid formation

Question 62

Functional unit of bone

Answer 62

Osteon/haversion system

Question 63

Pits with osteocytes

Answer 63

Lucanae

Question 64

Blood vessels and nerves make up the _______

Answer 64

Haversion canal

Question 65

Circles containing calcium

Answer 65

Lamellae