module 11

Question 1

Recombinant DNA Technology

Answer 1

the use of in vitro molecular techniques to isolate and manipulate fragments of DNA

Question 2

gene cloning

Answer 2

the technique of isolating and making many copies of a gene, use of vectors

Question 3

chromosomal DNA

Answer 3

serves as the source of the DNA segment of interest

Question 4

Vector DNA

Answer 4

serves as the carrier for the DNA segment that is to be cloned, can replicate independently of the host chromosome

Question 5

host cell

Answer 5

the cell that harbors the vector

Question 6

Plasmids

Answer 6

naturally occurring plasmids have selectable markers

Question 7

restriction enzymes

Answer 7

cut DNA into pieces to then insert the DNA into a vector

Question 8

reverse transcriptase

Answer 8

can be used in gene cloning to create complementary DNA strands from a template RNA strand

Question 9

gibson assembly

Answer 9

uses PCR to connect three or more DNA fragments in a specific order

Question 10

PCR

Answer 10

can copy DNA without the aid of vectors and host cells

Question 11

PRC materials

Answer 11

Template DNA, Oligonucleotide primers, dNTPs, Taq polymerase

Question 12

template DNA

Answer 12

contains the region that needs to be amplified

Question 13

oligonucleotide primers

Answer 13

complementary to sequences at the ends of the DNA fragment to be amplified

Question 14

dNTPS (nucleotides)

Answer 14

provide the precursors for DNA synthesis

Question 15

Taq polymerase

Answer 15

thermostable version of DNA polymerase

Question 16

PCR steps

Answer 16

1. denaturation
2. primer annealing
3. primer extension

Question 17

denaturation

Answer 17

DNA strands are separated

Question 18

primer annealing

Answer 18

ognucleotide primers bind to the DNA strands

Question 19

primer extension

Answer 19

nucleotides are added to the primers, thereby extending their lengths

Question 20

Reverse transcriptase PCR

Answer 20

uses RNA first, then regular PCR

Question 21

Quantitative PCR

Answer 21

used to quantitate the amount of a specific gene or mRNA in a sample

Question 22

quencher molecule (quantitative)

Answer 22

blocks the fluorescence of a reporter molecule on the ognucleotide

Question 23

Cycle Threshold (quantitative)

Answer 23

reached when the accumulation of the fluorescence is significantly greater than the background fluorescence

Question 24

dideoxy sequencing

Answer 24

method of determining the order of nucleotides in a DNA strand via chain termination

Question 25

Automated DNA Sequencing

Answer 25

relies on using four fluorescent dyes of different colors, one for each base. This allows all fragments to be run in a single gel lane, where they are scanned by a laser

Question 26

CRISPR-Cas technology

Answer 26

can change the sequence of genes in living cells

Question 27

nonhomologous end joining

Answer 27

repair event that may cause a small deletion that inactivates a gene

Question 28

homologous recombination repair

Answer 28

donor DNA homologous to the target region that also carries the desired mutation is added

Question 29

northern blotting

Answer 29

used to identify a specific RNA within a mixture of many RNA molecules

Question 30

western blotting

Answer 30

used to detect a specific protein with a mixture of many protein molecules

Question 31

biotechnology

Answer 31

broadly defined as technologies that involve the use of living organisms to benefit humans

Question 32

insulin

Answer 32

a hormone composed of two polypeptide chains that regulates the uptake of glucose into fat and muscle cells

Question 33

biological control

Answer 33

the use of microorganisms or theirs products to alleviate plant problems

Question 34

biological control agents can prevent disease in one of two ways

Answer 34

1. nonpathogens are used to compete effectively against pathogens for nutrients or space 2. microorganisms may produce toxins that inhibit other microorganisms or insects but not the plant

Question 35

bioremediation

Answer 35

the use of microorganisms to reduce environmental pollutants

Question 36

vaccine

Answer 36

a biological preparation that provides active acquired immunity to a particular infectious disease such as cancer

Question 37

whole-pathogen vaccince

Answer 37

consist of entire pathogens that have been completely inactivated or weakened

Question 38

inactivated vaccines

Answer 38

contain a treated pathogen that cannot cause an infection

Question 39

attenuated vaccines

Answer 39

created by reducing the virulence of a pathogen but keeping it viable

Question 40

viral vector vaccine

Answer 40

uses a modified version of a virus that is different from the virus that the vaccine is directed against

Question 41

subunit vaccines

Answer 41

contain only certain components or anitgens that best stimulate the immune system

Question 42

nucleic acid vaccines

Answer 42

involve introducing genetic material coding the protein antigen or antigens against which an immune response is sought

Question 43

DNA plasmid vaccines

Answer 43

contain a small circular piece of DNA that carries genes coding proteins from a specific pathogen

Question 44

mRNA vaccines

Answer 44

mRNA is encapsulated in a lipid nanoparticle and codes a viral spike glycoprotein, usually works by introducing an mRNA