module 7

Question 1

DNA replication

Answer 1

the process by which genetic material is copied

Question 2

AT/GC Rule

Answer 2

A pairs with T and G pairs with C

Question 3

parental strands

Answer 3

the two original DNA strands

Question 4

daughter stands

Answer 4

the two newly-made DNA strands

Question 5

Semiconservative model

Answer 5

double-stranded DNA contains one parental and one daughter strand following replication

Question 6

Bacterial DNA Replication

Answer 6

origin of replication (only one per chromosome), synthesis of DNA proceeds bidirectionally with the replication forks eventually meeting on the other side.

Question 7

oriC DNA sequences

Answer 7

DnaA boxes, AT-rich regions, GATC methylation sites

Question 8

DnaA boxes

Answer 8

sites for the binding of DnaA protein

Question 9

AT-rich regions

Answer 9

sites where the DNA strands separate

Question 10

GATC methylation sites

Answer 10

sites that help to regulate DNA replication

Question 11

DnaA proteins

Answer 11

cause the DNA to bend

Question 12

DnaB/helicase

Answer 12

binds to the origin and further separates DNA strands

Question 13

Dam

Answer 13

prevents second round of replication from occurring to quickly after the first one by taking several minutes to methylate the A on both strands post replication

Question 14

unwinding of the helix

Answer 14

DNA helicase separates strands by breaking hydrogen bonds, DNA gyrase/Topoisomerase 2 alleviates positive supercoils

Question 15

Single-strand binding proteins

Answer 15

bind to the separated DNA strands to keep them apart

Question 16

RNA primers

Answer 16

allows DNA polymerase to bind to strand and synthesize DNA

Question 17

primase

Answer 17

creates RNA primers

Question 18

DNA pol 1 and 3

Answer 18

normal replication

Question 19

DNA pol 2, 4, 5

Answer 19

DNA repair and replication of damaged DNA

Question 20

DNA pol 3 holoenzymne

Answer 20

alpha subunit catalyzes bond formation between adjacent nucleotides, beta subunit forms a dimer around the template DNA for movement

Question 21

DNA pol 1

Answer 21

removes the RNA primers and replaces them with DNA

Question 22

Okazaki fragments

Answer 22

DNA fragments on the lagging strand

Question 23

DNA ligase

Answer 23

catalyzes the formation of a covalent bond to connect the DNA backbones

Question 24

primosome

Answer 24

DNA helicase and primase bound together

Question 25

replisome

Answer 25

primosome + two DNA polymerase holoenzymes

Question 26

termination sequences

Answer 26

when bound to tus, stops the movement of the replication forks

Question 27

T1

Answer 27

stops counterclockwise forks

Question 28

T2

Answer 28

stops clockwise forks

Question 29

catenanes

Answer 29

intertwined circular molecules from DNA replication that are separated by DNA gyrase

Question 30

temperature sensitive mutant

Answer 30

can survive at a permissive temp but will fail to grow at a nonpermissive temp

Question 31

formation of covalent bond

Answer 31

innermost phosphate group of the incoming DNuclioside triphosphate and the 3'-OH of the sugar of the previous DNucleotide

Question 32

high fidelity

Answer 32

stability of base pairing, structure of the DNA polymerase active site, proofreading function of DNA polymerase

Question 33

DNA replication in eukaryotes is more complex because...

Answer 33

large linear chromosomes, chromatin is tightly packed within nucleosomes, more complicated cell cycle regulation

Question 34

eukaryotic origins of replication

Answer 34

ARS

Question 35

prokaryotic origins of replication

Answer 35

OriC

Question 36

ARS have

Answer 36

~50 bp, high percentage of A and T, have a copy of the ARS consensus sequence (B1 and/or B2)

Question 37

ATTAT(A or G)TTTA

Answer 37

B1 and B2

Question 38

ARS consensus sequences

Answer 38

enhance the function of origin of replication, separation of strands occurs in B2, are found within a nucleosome-free region

Question 39

Origins of replication in complex eukaryotes

Answer 39

G4 motifs, promoters and CpG islands

Question 40

classes of replication origins in complex eukaryotes

Answer 40

constitutive, flexible (most common), dormant

Question 41

constitutive OoR

Answer 41

used all the time

Question 42

flexible OoR

Answer 42

used in a random manner

Question 43

dormant OoR

Answer 43

used during cell differentiation or only at a specific stage of development

Question 44

flap endonuclease

Answer 44

removes the primer

Question 45

telomeres

Answer 45

DNA end sequence that prevent chromosome shortening

Question 46

telomerase steps

Answer 46

binding, polymerization, translocation