Module 12: Development, Aging, Elderly Flashcards

Question

What is Old?

Answer 1

It is an individual term per person that could mean a variety of things (not young, experiences, worn out, etc)

Answer 2

Most elderly are sick elderly people dont pull their weight on society elderly people are set in their ways (you cant teach an old do new tricks) elderly people arent mentally or physically sharp and alert ailments caused by poor lifestyle choices such as smoking, cant be improved upon or undone physical aging is primarily elders dont have sex

Answer 3

not a normal part of aging

Answer 4

65 to 74 is young old 75 to 84 is old 85+ is oldest old

Answer 5

old people outnumber children

Answer 6

Age (especially over 85)

Answer 7

Alzheimer's

Answer 8

``` heart related diseases cancer cerebral vascular disease chronic lower respiratory disease Alzheimer's disease diabetes ```

Answer 9

75% and 1%

Answer 10

HTN Hyperlipidemia Arthritis

Answer 11

maintenance of function, not disease cure

Answer 12

continue to work and perform their usual activities

Answer 13

disability from chronic diseases

Answer 14

needs to occur early in adult life through screening, lifestyle changes, and medication

Answer 15

they slowly and consistently weaken functional ability and reduce the quality of a persons life

Answer 16

Education Therapy Maintenance (not cure - dont give false hope)

Answer 17

1. Corbin and Strauss Chronic Illness Trajectory 8 Steps | 2. Shifting Perspective Model

Answer 18

a chronic disease theory it consists of 8 stages when a chronic illness starts that cycle through, never reaching wellness again, until death occurs

Answer 19

Pre trajectory Trajectory onset Crisis Acute Stable unstable Downward Dying

Answer 20

Chronic Disease theory that when wellness is in the foreground, that is the best time for education and to make things happen in relation to the disease - not when illness is in the foreground

Answer 21

term used to describe prejudice against the older adult (incorrectly stereotyped as being different from society) Widespread This attitude leads to marginalization Overtime, it will affect us all since people will make assumptions related to age and function

Answer 22

Avoid "Elder Speak" (honey, dear: similar to baby talk) Avoid patronizing/conveying messages of dependence Incompetence control

Answer 23

Biological Theories of Aging Sociological theories of aging Psychological theories of aging

Answer 24

Biological - focus on the physiological process Sociological - focus on role changes and relationships Psychological - focus on the developmental aspects

Answer 25

Theories of aging related to accumulated biological errors leading to aging and death

Answer 26

Wear and Tear Theory Cross Linking Theory Free Radical Theory

Answer 27

cell errors are the result of "wearing out" internal and external stressors lead to these cell errors

Answer 28

aging as accumulation of errors by cross linking or stiffening

Answer 29

Most understood and accepted error theory Random damage from molecules in cells called free radicals

Answer 30

Theories that contribute the changes of aging to being "programmed" at the cellular level

Answer 31

Non Stochastic Theory Idea that each cell is born with a limited number of replications

Answer 32

helps us understand the difference between aging and disease gives a proper teaching and gives guidance for conditions and diseases

Answer 33

1. disengagement theory 2. activity theory 3. continuity theory

Answer 34

withdrawl from ones society and community is natural and acceptable sociological theory of aging

Answer 35

sociological theory of aging individuals need to stay active if they are to age successfully promotes satisfaction and positive self concept physical or intellectual activity

Answer 36

sociological theory of aging with aging, personality traits remain stable as a person ages, they try to maintain previous habits, preferences, commitments, and beliefs

Answer 37

Developmental Theories (like Erikson and Piaget) Theory of Gerotranscendence

Answer 38

psychological theory of aging as we age we tend to forget about materialistic things and start to value individuals and relationships more

Answer 39

We want to get them as much control back as possible (What do you want to wear today, have patience, give short directions, etc) - But do not help TOO much It is the responsibility of the nurse to assist elders to achieve the highest level of wellness *HELP THE OLDER ADULT FUNCTION AT THEIR HIGHEST CAPCITY

Answer 40

comfort always, cure sometimes, prevent that which can be prevented

Answer 41

Have Consistency (find their normal procedure) Be Professional (Mr, Mrs, Etc) Be Supportive Have Therapeutics (let them vent)

Answer 42

abilities not disabilities

Answer 43

their strengths

Answer 44

maintain: safe environment COMFORT REST ACTIVITY AND MOBILITY (prevent falls and skin breakdown) adequate nutrition resp and circ function skin integrity bowel and bladder function sensory perception

Answer 45

Promote social well being and psychosocial health Enhance their self esteem avoid elder talk and ignorance ensure access to assistive devices give them time adapt environment for their function give them some control with privacy, you asking for permission, and include them in decision making

Answer 46

Never assume hearing loss is because of age face the individual, stand and sit at the same level Gain the individuals attention speak distinctly pause between sentence sand phrases remove background noises when repeating, say things exactly the same way

Answer 47

do not raise the volume of your voice, speak in a lower tone keep instructions simple assess understanding by asking for feedback use large print written communication one person should speak at a time eyeglasses should be clean and on avoid glaring light

Answer 48

use contrasting colors use low vision assistive devices use orientation strategies have the persons attention prior to talking speak promptly and clearly speak normally use appropriate lighting

Answer 49

Decline in muscle strength vasomotor instability reduced bone density diminished pulmonary ventilation sensory deprivation tendency for urinary incontinence

Answer 50

de emphasize bed rest - they need to move psychological considerations actively facilitate ambulation socialization medication review dietary review interdisciplinary care and shared objectives toileting

Answer 51

Depression Delirium Dementia *having more or one of these can make it challenging to find what problems are with elderly patients*

Answer 52

most often found, characterized by low mood, difficulty thinking, and somatic changes can also be a precursor to Dementia

Answer 53

an acute and sudden impairment of cognition that MAY be considered temporary often confused with dementia

Answer 54

chronic, progressive, insidious, and permanent states of cognitive impairment

Answer 55

Hyperactive - they got your attn (pulling tubes, etc) Hypoactive - looks like depression (sad, withdrawn)

Answer 56

Know baseline mental status Assess any underlying mental status or sensory deficits Attention to basic needs medication review understand behavior maintain safety minimize use of invasive equipment environmental modifications

Answer 57

Medications! (even something like benedryl)

Answer 58

Give one direction at a time speak slowly and with simple directions do not force them avoid restraints repeat yourself as often as needed give encouragement praise accomplishments as activity progresses be patient

Answer 59

change in personality later in the day leading to angst and anxiety in alzheimers patients

Answer 60

bony prominences show weight distributes to waist and hips subcutaneous tissue leave the face and arms to move to abdomen/hips height decreases

Answer 61

wide base gait weight decreases from loss of lean muscle and mass sarcopenia

Answer 62

total body water decreases this is unintentional weight loss NOT part of aging

Answer 63

Less likely to have a fever More likely to have hypothermia Slower metabolism Produce less body heat Thermoregulatory Impairment Median body temp 96.8 (36 C) Sweat gland diminishes in size and function Reduced sensory input

Answer 64

Decreased Activity Hypothyroidism Hypoglycemia Malnutrition (Stroke, paralysis, parkinson's, dementia & Arthritis) Acute Illness Medications

Answer 65

Epidermis Regeneration slows Reduced barrier protection Dermis A supportive layer, a 20% loss causes older skin to look more transparent and fragile. Hypodermis Contains connective tissues, blood vessels, & adipose tissue XEROSIS: DRY SKIN- Accompanied by pruritus

Answer 66

Skin Tags Seborrheic Keratosis onychomycotic nails

Answer 67

Loss of melanin leading to potential alopecia

Answer 68

thicken brittle and flat they can get brittle ridges (onycholysis/onychorrhexis)

Answer 69

bones and orbits are more prevalent great vessels may have bruits neck shortens related to osteoporotic changes thyroid not palpable loss of subcutaneous tissues

Answer 70

Decreased eyelid elasticity conjunctiva thinner and yellow with increased infection rate Pinguecula may develop lacrimal gland and ducts loose fatty tissues and tears decrease eyeballs sit deeper in sockets cornea flattens and iris fades increased connective tissue may cause sclerosis of sphincter muscles pupils become smaller, sclera becomes thick and rigid

Answer 71

decrease ability to adjust near/far vision in older adults

Answer 72

Presbyopia decreased visual acuity (especially near vision) and narrowing of visual field difficulty gazing upward and maintaining convergence, adapting to lighting changes glaucoma cataract

Answer 73

cerumen buildup and hardening corti and the auditory nerve atrophy\ tympanic membrane thickening tinnitus

Answer 74

decrease tone discrimination presbycusis decrease ability to discern consonants decrease equilibrium due to vestibular changes

Answer 75

need increased volume tilting head toward person speaking cupping hand around one ear watching speakers lips speaking loudly not responding when spoken to

Answer 76

Stand or sit directly in front and close to the person Talk toward the better ear, but make sure your lips can be seen Make sure the person pays attention and looks at your face Speak distinctly, slowly and directly to the person Avoid or eliminate background noise

Answer 77

decline after 60 rapid decline at age 80 cell loss from olfactory bulb and sensory cells decrease in appetite and smell

Answer 78

Teeth Loose Enamel & Dentin Become More Vulnerable to Caries Incidence of Periodontal Disease increases

Answer 79

very gradual decline decreased taste from taste bud atrophy, amylase decreased amount in saliva, and accelerated with dental problems/meds/or smoking

Answer 80

Taste changes are modest Desire increase concentration of flavor over time have a decreased appetite from it

Answer 81

Structure Disks become thin and shortening Slight forward bent posture Bones Decrease in bone density b/c resorption is more rapid than deposition Joints, Tendons & Ligaments Cartilage changes Tendons may shorten Muscles Atrophy of muscle mass tissue

Answer 82

Heart: Valves & Conductivity Blood Vessels: Arteries & Veins

Answer 83

ATRIAL FIBRILLATION can occur from fibrosis of SA Node - Can occur from Hyperthyroidism Pulse Pressure Widens Blood Vessels of lower Extremities More likely to show s/s of cardiovascular Changes r/t dependent and distal position.

Answer 84

Engage in regular exercise Eat a low-fat, low-cholesterol, balanced diet Maintain control of diabetes Do not smoke; avoid exposure to smoke Avoid environmental pollutants Practice stress management Minimize sodium intake Maintain ideal body weight

Answer 85

musculoskeletal and nervous system (loss of elastic recoil, stiffening chest wall, gas exchange changes, resistance to flow)

Answer 86

less responsive cilia diminished cough reflex

Answer 87

start at the bases and move up

Answer 88

Airways: Nose Trachea & Larynx Chest Wall and Lung: Limited Chest Expansion “Senile Emphysema” Alveolar Duct Ectasia Oxygen Exchange: Chemoreceptors Altered ↓ PO²

Answer 89

Obtain pneumonia immunization Obtain annual influenza immunization Avoid exposure to smoke and pollutants Do not smoke Avoid persons with respiratory illnesses Seek prompt treatment of respiratory infections Wash hands frequently Eat meals in relaxed atmosphere Practice thorough oral hygiene Exercise Deep Breathing/Laughing

Answer 90

Kidneys: Loss of Nephrons ↓Kidney Mass Renal Vessels: ↓ Renal Blood Flow ``` Ureters, Bladder & Urethra: ↓Tone & Elasticity ↓Bladder Holding Capacity Urgency & Frequency Increases Nocturia ``` Glomerular Filtration Rate: Linear Decline

Answer 91

Thyroid Gland: Incidence of Hypothyroidism ↓Serum T3 ? From increase TSH Usually Requires Lower doses of Thyroid Replacement Parathyroid Gland: Changes in PTH may be cause of Alterations in Calcium Homeostasis/Bone loss Endocrine Pancreas: Secretion does NOT decrease/Tissues may develop ↓ sensitivity to insulin.

Answer 92

Esophagus: Contractions Increase Propulsion is Decreased Stomach: ↓ Motility GERD r/t decrease in resting pressure of esophageal sphincter-INCREASE risk for Aspiration Reduction Secretion of Bicarbonate & Gastric Mucous

Answer 93

Practice good oral hygiene Wear properly fitting dentures Yearly dental checks! Seek prompt treatment of dental caries and periodontal disease Eat meals in relaxed atmosphere Maintain adequate intake of fluids Respond promptly to urge to defecate Eat balanced diet Avoid prolonged periods of immobility

Answer 94

Decreased Catecholamines Decrease Serotonin Decrease Choline Acetylase Increase Monoamine Oxidase (MAO)

Answer 95

``` The Female Reproductive System: ↓Estradiol ↓Estrone Breast Size Decreases Breast Lumps more evident Menopause Cessation of Menses, Atrophy of ovaries ``` The Male Reproductive System: BPH (Benign Prostatic Hypertrophy) Dribbling/Difficulty Initiating urinary stream May see an increase in fatty tissue (Breast)

Answer 96

decrease in T cell function decrease in response to foreign antigen also larger system changes like skin lungs and GU

Answer 97

smaller steps wider base

Answer 98

waddling gait bowing of legs

Answer 99

Interrupted REM Episodes Increased Total Daily Sleep Increased Awakening after Sleep Onset *(Wake up feeling tired)*