module 12: drugs and addiction

Question 2

What is the definition of taking a substance in larger amounts or for longer than you’re meant to?

Answer 2

Substance misuse

This reflects the pattern of excessive use beyond prescribed limits.

Question 3

What does it mean to want to cut down or stop using a substance but not managing to?

Answer 3

Inability to control substance use

This indicates a struggle with addiction despite the desire to quit.

Question 4

What is indicated by spending a lot of time getting, using, or recovering from a substance?

Answer 4

Time spent on substance use

This highlights the significant impact of substance use on daily life.

Question 5

What are cravings and urges to use a substance?

Answer 5

Intense desire for substance use

This is a common symptom of dependence on substances.

Question 6

What does it mean to not manage to do what you should at work, home, or school because of substance use?

Answer 6

Impaired functioning due to substance use

This shows the negative effects of addiction on responsibilities.

Question 7

What is the consequence of continuing to use a substance even when it causes problems in relationships?

Answer 7

Relationship issues due to substance use

This illustrates the interpersonal damage caused by addiction.

Question 8

What does giving up important social, occupational, or recreational activities because of substance use indicate?

Answer 8

Loss of interest in significant activities

This reflects the prioritization of substance use over important life aspects.

Question 9

What does using substances again and again, even when it puts you in danger, signify?

Answer 9

Risky behavior associated with substance use

This shows a disregard for personal safety while using substances.

Question 10

What does it mean to continue using a substance even when you know you have a physical or psychological problem that could have been caused or made worse by it?

Answer 10

Continued use despite known health issues

This indicates severe dependency and lack of self-care.

Question 11

What is meant by needing more of a substance to get the effect you want?

Answer 11

Tolerance development

This signifies an adaptation of the body to the substance, requiring higher doses for the same effect.

Question 12

What does the development of withdrawal symptoms that can be relieved by taking more of the substance indicate?

Answer 12

Withdrawal symptoms and dependence

This highlights the physical aspect of addiction, where cessation leads to adverse effects.

Question 13

What is incentive salience?

Answer 13

The degree of wanting a stimulus, particularly influenced by dopamine

Incentive salience refers to how much we desire a particular stimulus, distinguishing it from mere liking.

Question 14

What does the research suggest about the relationship between motivation and enjoyment?

Answer 14

Liking something and wanting to repeat it may be dissociable

This challenges the intuitive belief that enjoyment directly leads to motivation.

Question 15

Who conducted significant research on incentive salience?

Answer 15

Kent Berridge and Terry Robinson

Their work highlighted the role of dopamine in motivation.

Question 16

What role does dopamine play according to Berridge and Robinson?

Answer 16

Dopamine increases the incentive salience of a stimulus, enhancing motivation to repeat it

It is not primarily responsible for regulating how much we like the stimulus.

Question 17

How does drug use affect feelings of liking and wanting?

Answer 17

Initially, drug use produces strong liking, but with repeated use, liking decreases while wanting increases

This phenomenon illustrates the dissociation between liking and wanting.

Question 18

What influences the feelings of wanting in the context of drug use?

Answer 18

Drug-associated cues increase feelings of wanting

These cues are stimuli that have previously predicted drug use.

Question 19

Fill in the blank: The degree of wanting a stimulus is known as _______.

Answer 19

[incentive salience]

Question 20

True or False: Liking and wanting are always linked in motivational states.

Answer 20

False

Research indicates that these two feelings can be dissociated.

Question 21

What is one consequence of repeated drug use?

Answer 21

Increased baseline levels of anxiety and dysphoria

Question 22

What do withdrawal symptoms tend to be in relation to acute effects of the drug?

Answer 22

Opposite to the acute effects of the drug

Question 23

What feelings are typically experienced during withdrawal from a drug?

Answer 23

Anxiety and dysphoria

Question 24

What effect does taking the drug have on withdrawal symptoms?

Answer 24

Relieves withdrawal symptoms and produces temporary relief

Question 25

What happens to baseline levels of anxiety and dysphoria with prolonged abstinence from drugs?

Answer 25

They return to normal

Question 26

How can life stress impact feelings of anxiety and dysphoria?

Answer 26

Negatively

Question 27

What can motivate drug use following stress?

Answer 27

Past experience of repeated drug use

Question 28

How can drug use be perceived in relation to negative feelings?

Answer 28

As a way to manage negative feelings and bring about temporary relief

Question 29

Fill in the blank: Withdrawal symptoms tend to be _______ to the acute effects of the drug.

Answer 29

opposite