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module 9: hunger Flashcards

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1
Q

What is a set point in homeostasis?

A

A set point is a target value for each homeostatic system that the body tries to maintain.

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2
Q

What happens if you move away from your set point?

A

The body activates physiological mechanisms to bring you back to the set point.

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3
Q

What is the typical adult body temperature range?

A

36-37 degrees Celsius

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4
Q

What physiological responses occur when body temperature deviates from the set point?

A
  • Shivering
  • Sweating
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5
Q

What is the relationship between distance from the set point and physiological responses?

A

The further you are from the set point, the more extreme the physiological responses.

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6
Q

What is homeostasis in terms of energy efficiency?

A

Homeostasis is the most energy efficient state for the body.

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7
Q

What is the energy cost associated with in homeostasis?

A

The energy cost is associated with getting back to the set point.

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8
Q

What happens to the physiological response once the set point is reached?

A

The response stops.

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9
Q

What is an example of a physiological response to temperature change?

A

Shivering, which changes body temperature.

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10
Q

What happens to shivering as you approach your set point?

A

Shivering reduces.

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11
Q

What is a negative feedback loop?

A

A process where the body responds to a change by initiating mechanisms to counteract that change.

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12
Q

What does redundancy in biological systems refer to?

A

Redundancy refers to the duplication and/or alternative solutions within biological systems.

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13
Q

Why is redundancy important in the brain and CNS?

A

It allows for the loss of significant numbers of brain cells without impairments.

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14
Q

What are two possible responses to overheating?

A
  • Sweating
  • Feeling immobilized and becoming inactive
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15
Q

Fill in the blank: Homeostasis is the most _______ state.

A

energy efficient

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16
Q

What is allostasis?

A

The alignment of several homeostatic systems in response to environmental demand.

Allostasis allows the body to adjust to different situations and activity levels.

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17
Q

True or False: All set points in the body are fixed.

A

False

Not all set points are set; the body needs to adjust to different situations.

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18
Q

What is an example of a situation where allostasis is required?

A

Exercise

During exercise, the body needs to accommodate increased heart rate, blood pressure, and temperature.

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19
Q

What is allostatic load?

A

The combined energy cost of allostatic responses.

Allostatic load reflects the energy expenditure required to maintain homeostasis under varying environmental demands.

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20
Q

Fill in the blank: Allostasis involves the alignment of several _______ in response to environmental demand.

A

homeostatic systems

Homeostatic systems include mechanisms like heart rate and blood pressure.

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21
Q

What is the desired body response during running?

A

For all homeostatic systems to work together to accommodate the situation.

It is not desirable for the body to try to lower heart rate while exercising.

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22
Q

What is the primary function of digestion?

A

To break food down into smaller chemicals the body can use

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23
Q

What is glucose used for in the body?

A

Energy for the brain

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24
Q

What portion of all glucose in the system is used by the brain?

A

About ¼

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25
What is glucose converted to for storage?
Glycogen
26
What hormones are required for the conversion of glucose to glycogen and back?
Insulin and glucagon
27
What is the longer-term storage form of energy in the body?
Lipids (fats)
28
What does adaptation in the body refer to?
The adjustment to the amount of food consumed
29
What is the Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR)?
The energy required just for staying alive
30
What happens to the basal metabolic rate in food-deprived animals?
It decreases
31
Fill in the blank: In food-deprived animals, basal metabolic rate _______.
decreases
32
What does a decreased basal metabolic rate imply about energy usage?
Using less and less energy just to keep the lights on
33
What happens when there is damage to the ventromedial hypothalamus?
The animal gets heavier and stabilizes at a higher weight. ## Footnote This suggests a role in regulating satiety.
34
What is the effect of damage to the lateral hypothalamus?
The animal gets lighter and stabilizes at a lower weight. ## Footnote This indicates a role in hunger stimulation.
35
Is the ventromedial hypothalamus the center for satiety?
Not really. ## Footnote The relationship is more complex than this simple model.
36
Is the lateral hypothalamus the center for hunger?
Not really. ## Footnote The relationship is more complex than this simple model.
37
What role does the hypothalamus play in hunger and satiety?
It plays an important role, but the dynamics are complex.
38
What are the two competing neuron types in the arcuate?
* POMC (producing pro-opiomelanocortin and cocaine-and amphetamine-related transcript) * NPY (producing neuropeptide Y) ## Footnote These neuron types have opposing effects on hunger.
39
What is the function of POMC neurons?
They suppress hunger.
40
What is the function of NPY neurons?
They stimulate hunger.
41
What is the interaction of the arcuate neurons with other brain structures?
There is a constant rebalancing of these neuron types interacting with 'downstream' thalamic nuclei.
42
Which thalamic nuclei do the arcuate neuron types interact with?
* Lateral hypothalamus (LH) * Paraventricular nucleus ## Footnote These nuclei are involved in the regulation of hunger and satiety.
43
What is the purpose of pharmacological interventions for weight control?
To induce feeling of satiation and control appetite ## Footnote This involves using medications that help manage hunger and fullness.
44
What is Ozempic and its active ingredient?
Ozempic is a medication with the active ingredient semaglutide ## Footnote Semaglutide mimics GLP-1, a hormone involved in appetite regulation.
45
How does semaglutide affect insulin production?
It increases insulin production ## Footnote This effect is part of why it was initially used in diabetes management.
46
What role does thyroxin play in weight control?
It increases body temperature and basal metabolic rate ## Footnote Higher metabolism can lead to increased energy expenditure.
47
What is the relationship between white fat and blood supply?
White fat requires a blood supply to form ## Footnote Medications that inhibit angiogenesis can prevent the formation of white fat.
48
What is the function of Xenical in weight management?
It reduces the absorption of fat in the body ## Footnote This medication can result in unpleasant gastrointestinal side effects.
49
What is operant conditioning in the context of eating behavior?
It refers to the learning process where behaviors are influenced by rewards ## Footnote Some medications disrupt the pleasure pathways, affecting eating habits.
50
What is sleeve gastrectomy?
A surgical procedure that reduces the stomach to a narrow tube ## Footnote This is one type of bariatric surgery aimed at weight loss.
51
What does gastrointestinal bypass involve?
It involves bypassing a portion of the stomach ## Footnote This surgery alters the digestive process to aid in weight loss.
52
What is the purpose of a gut liner in bariatric surgery?
To create an internal barrier in the stomach to reduce absorption ## Footnote This method can help limit the amount of nutrients absorbed from food.
53
True or False: Some medications can inhibit the formation of new blood vessels.
True ## Footnote This can prevent the formation of white fat by limiting its blood supply.
54
What can be very hard to maintain in the context of weight control?
Lifestyle changes ## Footnote Maintaining lifestyle changes is difficult due to various physiological and psychological factors.
55
What does the body do in response to long-term weight loss?
Fights against it ## Footnote The body may adapt by changing its Basal Metabolic Rate and other metabolic processes.
56
What are some adaptations the body makes during weight loss?
Adaptation of Basal Metabolic Rate etc. ## Footnote These adaptations can make it harder to sustain weight loss.
57
What is calorie restriction?
Eating a significant proportion less food than previously ## Footnote Various methods of calorie restriction can lead to weight loss.
58
What are some versions of calorie restriction?
* 5/2 * 16/8 * Fast 800 ## Footnote These methods can produce rapid weight loss but may lead to eventual weight regain.
59
What is a common outcome after following calorie restriction diets?
Gradual increase towards baseline ## Footnote Many individuals experience a return to their original weight after dieting.
60
Not all diet and satiety issues are about _______.
Losing weight ## Footnote Some individuals may struggle to reach or maintain a healthy weight.
61
What conditions require complex and often long-term psychological interventions?
Eating Disorders ## Footnote These include conditions like anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa.
62
What is anorexia nervosa characterized by?
* Rejecting food * Purging food * Thinking about food a lot * Cooking for others without eating ## Footnote These behaviors are often driven by psychological factors.
63
What defines bulimia nervosa?
Binges of overeating followed by purging ## Footnote Purging methods can include vomiting and using laxatives.
64
What factors are often involved in the causes of eating disorders?
* Genetic * Endocrine * Personality * Cognitive * Environmental * Cultural ## Footnote The interplay of these factors can complicate the development of eating disorders.
65
What is required for the treatment of eating disorders?
Complex and often multifaceted approaches ## Footnote Effective treatment may involve psychological therapy, medical intervention, and nutritional education.

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