Module 13

Question 1

Vertebrae:

Answer 1

Segments of bone or some other hard substance that are arranged into a backbone

Question 2

Notochord:

Answer 2

A rod of tough, flexible material that runs the entire length of a creature’s body, providing the majority of its support.

Question 3

Endoskeleton:

Answer 3

A skeleton on the inside of a creatures body, typically composed of bone or cartilage.

Question 4

Bone marrow:

Answer 4

A soft tissue inside the bone that produces blood cells.

Question 5

Axial skeleton:

Answer 5

The portion of the skeleton that supports and protects the head, neck, and trunk.

Question 6

Appendicular skeleton:

Answer 6

The portion of the skeleton that attaches to the axial skeleton and has the limbs attached to it.

Question 7

Closed circulatory system:

Answer 7

A circulatory system in which the oxygen-carrying blood cells never leave the blood vessels.

Question 8

Arteries:

Answer 8

Blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart.

Question 9

Capillaries:

Answer 9

Tiny, thin-walled blood vessels that allow the exchange of gases and nutrients between the blood and the cells of the body.

Question 10

Veins:

Answer 10

Blood vessels that carry blood back to the heart.

Question 11

Olfactory lobes:

Answer 11

The lobes of the brain that receive signals from the receptors in the nose.

Question 12

Cerebrum:

Answer 12

The lobes of the brain that integrate sensory information and coordinate the creature’s response to that information.

Question 13

Optic lobes:

Answer 13

The lobes of the brain that receive signals from the receptors in the eyes.

Question 14

Cerebellum:

Answer 14

The lobe that controls the involuntary actions and refines muscle movement.

Question 15

Medulla oblongata:

Answer 15

The lobes that coordinate vital functions, such as those of the circulatory and respiratory systems, and transports signals from the brain to the spinal cord.

Question 16

Internal fertilization:

Answer 16

The process by which the male places sperm inside the female’s body, where the eggs are fertilized

Question 17

External fertilization:

Answer 17

The process by which the female lays eggs and the male fertilizes them once they are outside of the female.

Question 18

Oviparous development:

Answer 18

Development that occurs in an egg that is hatched outside the female’s body.

Question 19

Ovoviviparous development:

Answer 19

Development that occurs in an egg that is hatch inside the female’s body.

Question 20

Viviparous development:

Answer 20

Development that occurs inside the female, allowing the offspring to gain nutrients and vital substances from the mother through a placenta.

Question 21

Anadromous:

Answer 21

A life cycle in which creatures are hatched in fresh water, migrate to salt water as adults, and then go back to fresh water in order to reproduce.

Question 22

Bile:

Answer 22

A mixture of salts and phospholipids that aids in the breakdown of fat.

Question 23

Atrium:

Answer 23

A heart chamber that receives blood.

Question 24

Ventricle:

Answer 24

A heart chamber form which blood is pumped out.

Question 25

Ectothermic:

Answer 25

Lacking an internal mechanism for regulating body heat.

Question 26

Hibernation:

Answer 26

A state of extremely low metabolism and respiration, accompanies by lower-than-normal body temperatures.

Question 27

``` Assign the following creatures to one of these classifications: subphylum Urochordata, subphylum Cephalochordata, class Agnatha, class Chondrichthyes, class Osteichthyes, class Amphibia a. frog b. shark c. lancelet d. carp e. sea squirt f. lamprey eel ```

Answer 27

a. frog : class Amphibia b. shark : class Chondrichthyes c. lancelet subphylum Cephalochordata d. carp : class Osteichthyes e. sea squirt : subphylum Urochordata f. lamprey eel : class Agnatha,

Question 28

What do sea squirts, lampreys, and amphibians have in common?

Answer 28

they all go through metamorphosis from larva to adult.

Question 29

What is the difference between cartilage and bone?

Answer 29

cartilage is more flexible and is weaker than bone.

Question 30

You see a blood vessel from a creature. You have no idea what creature and you have no idea where it came from. You do notice, however, that the blood vessel wall is very thin. What kind of blood vessel is this?

Answer 30

a capillary

Question 31

What do red blood cells do?

Answer 31

they carry oxygen in the blood

Question 32

What protein gives red blood cells their color?

Answer 32

Hemoglobin.

Question 33

Frogs and toads are quite uncoordinated. They move their muscles in a very jerky manner. Which brain lobe is small in amphibians?

Answer 33

the cerebellum.

Question 34

An owl has very sensitive vision. Which brain lobes are larger in the owl compared to the "average" vertebrate?

Answer 34

The optic lobes.

Question 35

A creature reproduces when the female receives sperm from the male and then lays and egg which hatches. Is fertilization internal or external? What kind of development is this?

Answer 35

Internal. oviparous.

Question 36

Which has the most inflexible skeleton: a ray, a lamprey, or a salmon?

Answer 36

A salmon?

Question 37

What do Atlantic salmon and many lampreys have in common?

Answer 37

they are both anadromous.

Question 38

What is the shark's most sensitive means of finding prey?

Answer 38

it is its electrical field sensor.

Question 39

What function does the lateral line perform in sharks and bony fish?

Answer 39

It senses vibrations in the water.

Question 40

What function do the dorsal fins perform in both sharks and bony fish? What function does the anterior dorsal fin play only in bony fish?

Answer 40

The dorsal fins are used for balance in the water. the anterior dorsal fin is also a defensive weapon (because it is hard and sharp)

Question 41

What is the major difference between the tail of a ray and the tail of a skate?

Answer 41

Rays have thin, whip-like tails, while skates have thicker fleshy tails

Question 42

What is the triangular structure after the disks in the inside of a fish called and what does it do?

Answer 42

it is the esophagus. It sends food to stomach.

Question 43

What are the structures at the top anterior end in the inside of a fish called and what do they do?

Answer 43

they are the brain. they control the fish's nervous system.

Question 44

What is the long tube at the top in the inside of a fish called and what does it do?

Answer 44

It is the spinal cord. it sends messages from the brain to other parts of the body and vice-versa,

Question 45

What is the large organ in the middle of the inside of a fish called and what does it do?

Answer 45

it is the stomach. it stores and breaks down food in the stomach.

Question 46

What is the larger tube in the upper middle in the inside of a fish called and what does it do?

Answer 46

it is the air bladder. it allows the fish to change depths and float in the water.

Question 47

What is the smaller tube above the larger tube in the inside of a fish called and what does it do?

Answer 47

it is the kidney. it cleans blood of waste products.

Question 48

What is the large formless organ under the larger tube in the inside of a fish called and what does it do?

Answer 48

it is the gonad. It does reproduction.

Question 49

What is the second section of the curvy line on the bottom in the inside of a fish called and what does it do?

Answer 49

it is the anus. It expels undigested food.

Question 50

What is the first section of the curvy line on the bottom in the inside of a fish called and what does it do?

Answer 50

it is the intestine. It digests food.

Question 51

What is the tentacle like organ in the inside of a fish called and what does it do?

Answer 51

It is the pyloric ceca. Secretes digestive enzymes and chemicals that break down food in the stomach.

Question 52

What is the organ that has a half moon shape in the inside of a fish called and what does it do?

Answer 52

it is the liver. it makes bile for the digestion of fats and does many other chemical tasks

Question 53

What is the organ that looks like a comma in the inside of a fish called and what does it do?

Answer 53

it is the gall bladder. It concentrates bile.

Question 54

What is the small circleish shaped organ near the bottom in the inside of a fish called and what does it do?

Answer 54

It is the heart. it pumps blood.

Question 55

what are the disk like organs in the inside of a fish called and what does they do?

Answer 55

They are the gills. They Exchange carbon dioxide and oxygen between the water and the blood.

Question 56

What is the lower vessel on the upper half of the fish near the first oval inside the fish called and is it a vein, artery, or neither?

Answer 56

it is the anterior cardinal vein. It is a vein

Question 57

What are the upper branches on the front upper half inside the fish called and is it a vein, artery, or neither?

Answer 57

It is the efferent brachial arteries. It is an artery.

Question 58

What is the highest vessel in the inside of the fish called and is it a vein, artery, or neither?

Answer 58

It is the dorsal aorta it is an artery.

Question 59

What is the lower half of the oval in the upper middle inside the fish called and is it a vein, artery, or neither?

Answer 59

It is the kidney. It is neither.

Question 60

What is the lower vessel near the posterior end inside the fish called and is it a vein, artery, or neither?

Answer 60

it is the posterior cardinal vein. It is a vein.

Question 61

What is the upper half of the peanut shaped structure inside the fish called and is it a vein, artery, or neither?

Answer 61

It is the atrium. It is neither.

Question 62

What is the lower half of the peanut shaped structure inside the fish called and is it a vein, artery, or neither?

Answer 62

It the ventricle. It is neither.

Question 63

What is the base vessel out of which the lower branches come inside the fish called and is it a vein, artery, or neither?

Answer 63

It is the ventral aorta. It is a artery.

Question 64

What are the lower branches inside the fish called and is it a vein, artery, or neither?

Answer 64

They are called the afferent brachial arteries. They are arteries.

Question 65

What is the region between the upper and lower branches inside the fish called and is it a vein, artery, or neither?

Answer 65

it is the gills. It is neither.

Question 66

List the 6 common characteristics of amphibians.

Answer 66

1) their endoskeletons is made of mostly bone. 2) Their skin is smooth with many capillaries and pigments. Amphibians so not have scales. 3) They usually have 2 pairs of limbs with webbed feet. 4) They have as many as 4 organs of respiration. 5) They have a 3-chambered heart 6) They are oviparous with external fertilization

Question 67

What is the difference between a toad and a frog?

Answer 67

Frogs have smooth, wet skin and live near water. Toads have dry warty skin and need not live near water.

Question 68

For most amphibians, what is the major respiratory organ?

Answer 68

It is their skin