Module 13

Question 1

What 4 enemies does your immune system attack?

Answer 1

microorganisms/pathogens, foreign substances, harmful chemicals, and cancer cells.

Question 2

Your _____ system includes your skin, ______, nails, and ______ for oil and sweat. The external layer of skin is called the ______, which is made of many layers of epithelial cells and some ______ that produce melanin. The _____ cells multiply at the deepest layer. Newer cells push older cells toward the surface. As a cell moves toward the surface, it makes _____, a protein that toughens the cell. The cell eventually dies, but it is glued together with the other epidermal cells until it reaches the surface and ______ off.

Answer 2

integumentary hair glands epidermis melanocytes epidermal/epithelial keratin flakes

Question 3

Blisters are usually the result of repeated ______ on the skin, but they may be caused by heat, _____, or very harsh ______. In a blister, the epidermal cells are damaged and lose connection with each other. _____ from the dermis enters the damaged area and forms a bubble under several layers of epidermal cells. If the skin that covers the blister remains intact and no ______ leaks out, the blister will be ______ and heal without treatment. If the blister breaks, the skin that covers it should be ______ and the blister should be bandaged. ______ blisters are deeper wounds than blisters.

Answer 3

friction cold chemicals Fluid fluid reabsorbed removed Blood

Question 4

___ abscess ___ birthmark ___ callus ___ dandruff ___ freckles ___ ingrown toenail ___ moles ___ wart
a. bacterial infection of the skin enclosed ina pus-filled sac that must be opened to the skin’s surface for relief
b. flakes of epidermal skin seen in the hair and on the shoulders
c. infection in the skin that is often prevented by cutting the free edge of the structure straight across
d. larger discoloration of the skin from disorganized capillaries
e. small areas of skin where the melanocytes make more melanin
f. small gatherings of melanocytes that make dark sports on the skin, which are harmless If not growing
g. thickened epidermis caused by repeated friction
h, uneven growth of the epidermis caused by a virus.

Answer 4

a abscess d birthmark g callus b dandruff e freckles c ingrown toenail f moles h wart

Question 5

Sunlight stimulates the ______ to produce more ______ , which can be taken into the epidermal cells. Sunburn is caused by too much exposure to ______ rays in sunlight or tanning bed lamps. The ______ of the skin cells is damaged and they die, which begins the ______ process. The skin will redden, swell, and become ______ . The sunburned skin cells will passively _____off. Nails are made of epidermal cells that produce hard ______. Nails grow from the nail _____ , which is an area of multiplying cells at the base of the nail and under the ______ , the skin around the nail. Nail cells grow ______ from the matrix, slide over the ______ ______ , and eventually become the white free ______.

Answer 5

melanocytes melanin UV DNA inflammatory painful peel keratin matrix cuticle continuously nail bed edge.

Question 6

Below the epidermis is the ______. _______ fibers make this layer resistant to stretching. This layer also contains blood vessels, sensory receptors, hair ______ , and glands for _______ and ______. The ______ is a connective layer below the skin that often contains a lot of _____ . Hair grows from a structure called the hair ______ . At the base, a group of _____ cells produces the hair in an extension of the dermis called the hair _____ . The part of the hair that is visible above the skin is called the hair ______ . Below the skin, it is called the hair _____ . Hair is made of dead _______ cells that have become ________ or hardened. Hair on the head grows for up to ______ years. Then the follicle rests, the old hair is shed, and a new one begins. It is normal to lose ______ hairs a day from your scalp. Hair ______ the top of the head and prevents heat loss.

Answer 6

dermis. Collagen follicles sweat oil hypodermis fat follicle matrix papilla shaft root epithelial/epidermal keratinized 3 100 insulates

Question 7

______ is a coolant made of water and salt that comes from coiled ______ glands in the ______ and exits the skin through sweat ______. At puberty, ______ odor becomes a problem because ______ sweat glands in the groin, ______ , and soles of the feet become active. These glands release sweat mixed with ______, which feeds odor-causing ______. Washing daily with soap and water will reduce ______ odor. ______ slows the growth of bacteria, and ______ plugs the sweat ______ .

Answer 7

Sweat sweat dermis pores body apocrine armpits lipids bacteria body Deodorant antiperspirant pores

Question 8

______ or sebaceous glands increase production at puberty, which may cause ______ , a skin infection in the hair ______. ______ is clear oil that lubricates the hair as it grows. This oil and ______ produced by the epidermal cells combine and block the channel for the hair in the hair ______ . If the blockage happens at the surface of the skin, it is called a ______ because melanin in the mixture that is exposed to air turns dark. If the blockage happens under the skin, it is called a ______ . Bacteria thrive on the blocked oil and start an infection, called a ______ . Flare-ups of ______ can be reduced by cleansing the skin daily, taking a vitamin ______ supplement, and getting enough ______.

Answer 8

Oil acne follicles. Sebum keratin follicle blackhead whitehead pimple acne D sleep

Question 9

What are the features, layer(s) of skin damaged, is a skin graft needed? for 1st degree burns 2nd degree burns 3rd third degree burns.

Answer 9

1st- redness, swelling. epidermis. no
2nd-redness, blisters. epidermis and part of the dermis. no
3rd-moist, bloody. all epidermis and dermis. yes.

Question 10

A cut in the skin fills with blood from broken blood vessels in the ______. The blood forms a ______, which dries into a ______. The damage causes inflammation, which ______ blood vessels and makes capillaries more ______ . White blood cells come to the site. Epidermal cells duplicate and grow down under the ______ . Dermal cells produce ______ to hold the wound together. The healing process is improved if the wound is cleaned with ______ and water to remove foreign objects and ______ . A ______ is more likely to form if the ______ of the wound are not kept close together. ______ membrane is the thin, pink lining of body cavities that open to the outside. Goblet cells in the membrane produce ______ , a thick lubricating liquid that contains ______ to fight infection.

Answer 10

dermis clot scab enlarges permeable/leaky scab collagen soap bacteria scar edges Mucous mucus antibodies

Question 11

The environment of the mouth is friendly to bacteria, which form ______ , a sticky film, on tooth surfaces and gums. This film is irritating to the ______ , or gums, and may cause inflammation called ______. You can remove ______ every day by ______ your teeth and tongue and flossing. If it is not removed, ______ can be hardened by the minerals in ______ to become ______ , which is impossible to remove with a toothbrush. Bacteria harbored in plaque and calculus are the most likely cause of ______ ______.

Answer 11

plaque gingiva gingivitis plaque brushing plaque saliva calculus bad breath

Question 12

a. a friend of yours has a cluster of painful sores on the outside of her upper lip. What kind of sore is it likely to be? Is she probably contagious?
b. Another friend of yours has a single painful sore on the inside of his cheek. What kind of sore is it likely to be? Is he probably contagious?

Answer 12

a. a cold sore, (an outbreak of a viral infection.) Yes.

b. a canker sore, (due to biting the inside of the cheek or eating too many sweets.) no

Question 13

The first time your ______ system encounters a disease-causing organism, it attacks using innate immunity, which features the ______ blood cells. They trigger inflammation, which makes the capillaries more permeable. They also release chemicals that draw the WBCs to the infection site. The most common WBC is the ______, which ingests organisms by ______. Many of these cells die in the battle against infection, and yellow gel may form. This is ______, made of dead ______ , cell parts, and fluid. Other WBCs are the ______, which cleans up after the neutrophils; the ______ , which releases ______ to increase inflammation; and the ______ , which calms down inflammation. ______ inflammation occurs when the infection becomes widespread throughout the body and causes a fever. Fevers should be treated with ______ ; but if the person is having trouble sleeping, medicine can be given to reduce the fever and relieve ______ aches. ______ that fight bacteria are given only under the direction of a physician.

Answer 13

immune white neutrophil phagocytosis pus neutrophils macrophage basophil histamine eosinophil Systemic rest muscle Antibiotics

Question 14

The ______ system is the lesser-known cousin of the circulatory system. ______ is fluid that travels through ______ capillaries and veins and is returned to the bloodstream. Along the way, the ______ is filtered through lymph nodes. Other lymphatic tissue includes the tonsils, the ______ , the spleen, and many ______ nodules scattered throughout the body. Most of the cells in lymphatic tissue are _______ and macrophages.

Answer 14

lymphatic Lymph lymphatic lymph thymus lymph lymphocytes

Question 15

___allergic reaction ___allergen ___antigen ___contact dermatitis ___interferon

a. a chemical released by a virus-infected cell that interferes with virus replication
b. a foreign substance that triggers the immune response in almost everyone
c. a foreign substance that triggers the immune response in some individuals
d. the most common allergic skin reaction
e. an overreaction of the immune system to an antigen

Answer 15

_e_allergic reaction _c_allergen _b_antigen _d_contact dermatitis _a_interferon

Question 16

______ immunity is the sophisticated immune response of the body to invaders that it has seen before. It relies upon both B cell and T cell ______. Every ______ doesn’t attack every antigen. ______ can be divided into sets of identical cells called ______. You have thousands of different sets, each activated by a different antigen. Some of each clone set are ______ cells, which patrol the blood and the lymphatic system looking for their matched antigens. When they encounter one, they identify it, divide quickly into more clones, and then attack in 1 of 2 ways. _____ cell lymphocytes attack antigens that are outside the cells. They produce and release Y-shaped _____ , which can disable or clump the antigens together to keep them from harming the body. _____ cell lymphocytes destroy your own cells that are in trouble. Examples are cells with a ______ infection inside or cells that are becoming ______.

Answer 16

Adaptive lymphocytes lymphocyte Lymphocytes clones memory B antibodies T viral cancerous

Question 17

Circulating ______ cells keep the body poised to crush the disease-causing organisms before they have a chance to replicate. A person who has ______ cells for a certain disease is ______ and will not develop the symptoms of the disease, even if exposed. A baby makes its own antibodies but also receives a variety of them from its ______. Before birth, the antibodies come to the baby through the ______ . After birth, antibodies are provided in ______ ______. Immunity from antibodies only lasts as long as the antibodies. It is not permanent.

Answer 17

memory memory immune mother placenta breast milk.

Question 18

If a person is facing a life-threatening infection or venomous bite, ______ can be given, which is a concentration of antibodies for that condition. ______is an antibody solution against venom. ______ is an antibody solution against a poison. Such antibodies provide only temporary ______ . T cell lymphocytes mature in the ______. After the T cell has been exposed to a specific antigen, it makes memory T cells that remember the antigen and circulate in the blood and lymph, watching for a repeat antigen. When they meet that antigen, they divide and form several kinds of T cells. The ______ T cell can puncture a cell membrane and destroy it. The _____ T cell increases cell destruction. The ______ T cell slows down the attack. The original ______ T cell also makes more memory T cells, which circulate for years. A ______ is not cell but is made of DNA or RNA covered in ______. The goal of a ______ is to inject itself into a host cell and replicate itself. T cells identify antigens of the ______ on the infected cell’s membrane, and destroy the infected cell before the ______ inside are mature.

Answer 18

antiserum Antivenin Antitoxin immunity thymus cytotoxic helper regulator memory virus virus viruses

Question 19

A cancer cell is a body cell that replicates without restraint. Most of the time, a ______ cell will recognize a cancer cell and ______ it. In the rare instance in which it doesn’t recognize the cell as cancerous, the cancer cell replicates many times and may form a ______. Your best strategy for empowering the T cell to recognize a cancer cell is a ______ lifestyle that includes good nutrition, adequate sleep, regular exercise, weight ______ , a smoke-free environment, and measures to avoid ______ by viruses or bacteria. Cancers are treated 3 ways. ______removes the tumor and suspicious tissues around it. ______ poisons fast-growing cancer cells. ______ burns the cancerous tissue. Two kinds of illnesses must be treated by drugs that ______ or limit the immune response. Transplant ______ is the immune attack on transplanted tissue because it is recognized as foreign. ______ disease is the immune attack on normal body cells that are seen by the immune cells as foreign.

Answer 19

T destroy tumor healthful control infection Surgery Chemotherapy Radiation suppress rejection Autoimmune

Question 20

A ______ is a solution of harmless antigens from a dangerous disease that are injected into the body. These antigens meet B and T cells. If memory cells form, the person becomes ______ to the dangerous disease. A ______ is someone who has a transmittable form of a disease and is ______ , whether or not the person has symptoms. People who are ______ are unlikely to be carriers. Some people cannot take a vaccination and are vulnerable if they are exposed to a ______ . People with weak immunity are best protected by ______ ______, in which the majority of people around them are vaccinated.

Answer 20

vaccine immune carrier contagious vaccinated carrier herd immunity

Question 21

Would the blood types below be clumped or not clumped when reacted with anti-a anti-b and anti-d?
Blood types: A positive, A negative, B positive, B negative, AB positive, AB negative, O positive, O negative,

Answer 21

Blood type | Anti-A | Anti-B | Anti-D
A + C NC C
A - C NC NC
B + NC C C
B - NC C NC
AB + C C C
AB - C C NC
O + NC NC C
O - NC NC NC