Module 6

Question 1

How are nutrients compiled from food?

Answer 1

Digestion takes place in the digestive tract as food molecules are broken down into absorbable nutrients by the action of digestive enzymes.

Question 2

What is the difference between epithelium and mucosa?

Answer 2

Epithelium is the tissue that lines the inside of organs and blood vessels. Mucosa is a kind of epithelium that produces mucus.

Question 3

The digestive system is a tube. Name the 4 layers, starting at the inside.

Answer 3

mucosa, submucosa, smooth muscle, and connective tissue (or epithelium/outside layer).

Question 4

In what 2 ways are digestive enzymes added to the digestive tract?

Answer 4

Crypts and ducts.

Question 5

In a quadrant of permanent teeth, name the 4 types of teeth, the number of each, and a defining feature of each type.

Answer 5

incisor 2 knife edge, canine 1 point, premolar 2 2 points with a flat biting surface between them, molar 3 large, flat biting surface

Question 6

Crown:

Answer 6

Part of the tooth that is covered with enamel.

Question 7

Dentin:

Answer 7

Substance of which most of the tooth is made; located under the enamel layer.

Question 8

Enamel:

Answer 8

the hardest substance in the body

Question 9

fibers:

Answer 9

structures that hold the tooth in the socket and act as shock absorbers

Question 10

Gingiva:

Answer 10

Mucosa that covers the bone and encircles each erupted tooth.

Question 11

Pulp:

Answer 11

Central area of the tooth containing blood vessels and neurons.

Question 12

Root:

Answer 12

Part of the tooth enclosed by the gingiva and fibers attaching it to the bone

Question 13

What is saliva made of? What structure produces saliva? Why is some saliva ropy? Why is some saliva watery?

Answer 13

mostly water[, but it contains] mucus, minerals, salt, digestive enzymes, and antibacterial agents. salivary glands. the individual is under stress. the individual is relaxing,

Question 14

What are 2 advantages of eating small bites and chewing well?

Answer 14

maximizes the pleasure of eating, is more aware of satiety, and can communicate better at the table.

Question 15

Name 4 stimuli that can make a smooth muscle contract.

Answer 15

a hormone, a drug, a neuron, or a situation such as pressure from a solid or liquid
[or it may contract spontaneously.]

Question 16

Explain how peristalsis, mixing waves, and sphincters aid in digestion.

Answer 16

Peristalsis {is the rhythmic contraction of rings of smooth muscles of the digestive system that} gradually propels digesting food along the digestive tract. Mixing waves slosh the digesting food back and forth to mix it with digestive enzymes. Sphincters [are muscular rings that act like valves. They] hold the digesting food in one organ until that stage of digestion is complete.

Question 17

What structures close off the airway when a person swallows?

Answer 17

the soft plate, uvula, epiglottis, and vocal folds.

Question 18

What anatomical land mark do you need to identify with your finger on someone before you perform abdominal thrusts on that person?

Answer 18

the umbilicus (belly button)

Question 19

Food is swallowed in a soft mass called a _____. In the stomach, this becomes slurry called _____. The stomach secretes _____ _____, which is very corrosive but kills many bacteria and activates a digestive enzyme called _____. Sometimes food becomes contaminated with bacteria such as _____ _____, causing the person to become ill with _____ _____. Another source of _____, vomiting, and diarrhea is a viral or bacterial infection of the stomach or intestine called _____. If too much fluid is lost, the person may develop _____. If a person has complete closure of the lower esophageal _____, the contents of the stomach, including the acid, can enter the esophagus and damage it. If it happens occasionally, it
is called _____. Repeated episodes are called _____.

Answer 19

bolus, chime, hydrochloric acid, pepsin, E. coli, food poisoning, nausea, gastroenteritis, dehydration, sphincter, heartburn, GERD.

Question 20

What is the typical cause of stomach or duodenal ulcers?

Answer 20

bacterial infection: H. pylori.

Question 21

_____ nutrients are absorbed through the epithelial cells located on the villi of the small intestine. They _____ modified by the epithelial cell. They pass into a _____ and are carried to the _____.

Answer 21

Water-soluble, are not, capillary, liver first.

Fat-soluble , are , lacteal, the larger lymph vessels and from there into the bloodstream.

Question 22

Which of the following is not a function of the liver? (There may be more than one)

a. to turn toxic substances into less toxic substances
b. to regulate the level of glucose in the blood by storing it if there is too much or putting it into the blood if there is not enough.
c. to filter worn-out blood cells out of the blood
d. to change some nutrients into more useful nutrients
e. to add oxygen to the blood

Answer 22

e. to add oxygen to the blood

Question 23

Which 2 digestive organs discussed in this module are not considered essential to life and may be surgically removes if they become diseased?

Answer 23

gall bladder and appendix

Question 24

Which of the following are functions of the pancreas? there may be more than one)

a. enzyme production for digesting fats, DNA, and carbohydrates
b. production of bile
c. production of red blood cells
d. production of bicarbonate, which neutralizes stomach acid.

Answer 24

b. production of bile

c. production of red blood cells

Question 25

What do bowel sounds in the abdomen indicate?

Answer 25

normal peristalsis

Question 26

Chyme leaves the small intestine and enters the large intestine. What is the order of structures through which the chyme/feces must pass to exit the body? (Number the structures 1-8.) a. anal sphincter b. ascending colon c. cecum d. descending colon e. ileocecal sphincter f. rectum g. sigmoid colon h. transvers colon

Answer 26

a 8, b 3, c 2, d 5, e 1, f 7, g 6, h 4 | ileocecal sphincter, cecum, ascending colon, transvers colon, descending colon, sigmoid colon, rectum, anal sphincter.

Question 27

which choices accurately complete the sentence? The millions of bacteria living in the large intestine, collectively called the microbiome, __________. a. are mostly harmless b. are mostly harmful c. use the contents of the large intestine that a person cannot digest as their food source d. digest some carbohydrates, which produces flatulence for the person e. digest some protein, which produces odor in the feces f. produce vitamins that the person can absorb and use g. increase in diversity if the person eats only processed foods h. together weigh about 3 lb.

Answer 27

a), (c), (d), (e), (f), and (h)

Question 28

Constipation:

Answer 28

Infrequent, solid bowel movements

Question 29

Diarrhea:

Answer 29

frequent, watery bowel movement

Question 30

Giardia:

Answer 30

Parasite causing abdominal cramps and severe diarrhea from drinking untreated water from a natural source.

Question 31

Irritable bowel syndrome:

Answer 31

times of constipation an diarrhea caused by stress.

Question 32

Pinworm

Answer 32

Parasite known to cause severe anal itch

Question 33

Regularity:

Answer 33

1 or 2 bowel movements every day

Question 34

hemorrhoids:

Answer 34

blood vessels in the anus that may enlarge and bleed.

Question 35

About the size of your fist, each _____ is made up of over a million tiny filtration plants called _____. Each of these filters high-pressure _____, and some of the fluid is collected in a _____. Then it selectively reabsorbs most of the _____ and nutrients, leaving behind waste products such as _____. The fluid that leaves the body as waste is called _____ . It is collected in the _____ _____, which narrows to form the _____ , a 12-in. tube that carries the fluid to the _____.

Answer 35

kidney , nephrons , blood , tubule , water , urea , urine , renal pelvis, ureter , bladder

Question 36

a. hypernatremia— b. hyponatremia— c. water intoxication— d. dehydration—

Answer 36

too much sodium salt, not enough water not enough salt, too much water too much water, not enough salt not enough water

Question 37

The kidneys are in charge of acid-base balance in the body, How do they correct an imbalance? Is the correction fast (minutes) or slow (days)?

Answer 37

send extra acid or base out of the body in the urine. slow

Question 38

What simple lifestyle change can prevent or reduce the occurrence of kidney stones and urinary tract infections?

Answer 38

Drinking more water