Module 13 - Heart and Great Vessels

Question 1

Arteries carry deoxygenated blood to the lungs in which circuit?

Answer 1

the pulmonary

Question 2

Blood that is transported to and from all of the tissues of the body (with the EXCEPTION of the lungs) is in the ________.

Answer 2

systemic circuit

Question 3

What is the purpose of the chordae tendineae?

Answer 3

to keep the artrioventricular valves from prolapsing, preventing reguritation of blood back into the atria

Question 3

Put blood flow in order

Answer 3

1. Right atrium
2. Right AV (tricuspid) valve
3. Right ventricle
4. Pulmonary semilunar valve
5. Pulmonary trunk
6. Pulmonary arteries
7. Lungs for oxygenation
8. Pulmonary veins
9. Left atrium
10. Left AV (bicuspid, mitral) valve
11. Left ventricle
12. Aortic semilunar valve
13. Aorta
14. Body tissues
15. Superior vena cava, inferior vena cava, or coronary sinus

Question 4

What is the Interventricular septum?

Answer 4

the wall of heart muscle tissue between the right and left ventricles

Question 5

What are the trabeculae carneae?

Answer 5

the ridges of cardiac muscle covered by endocardium located in the walls of the ventricles

Question 6

What is the Interatrial septum?

Answer 6

the wall of heart muscle tissue between the right and left atria

Question 7

What do the papillary muscles do?

Answer 7

they connect to the chordae tendinae and contract to help prevent the AV valves from prolapsing

Question 8

What is the auricle?

Answer 8

a superficial extension of the atria near the superior surface of the heart

Question 9

What are the pectinate muscles?

Answer 9

they are parallel muscular ridges in the right atrium; can stretch and improve the voluminous nature of right atrium

Question 10

The right ventricle has _______ muscular walls than does the left ventricle

Answer 10

thinner

Question 11

Which chamber of the heart can generate the greatest pressure because it can contract with the most strength?

Answer 11

the left ventricle

Question 12

A blockage in the pulmonary trunk would cause a back-up of blood and limit blood from leaving which chamber of the heart?

Answer 12

the right ventricle

Question 13

What are the two linked circuits in the cardiovascular system?

Answer 13

-pulmonary circulation
-systemic circulation

Question 14

Describe pulmonary circulation:

Answer 14

transports blood to and from the lungs, where it picks up oxygen and delivers carbon dioxide for exhalation

Question 15

Describe systemic circulation:

Answer 15

transports oxygenated blood to virtually all of the tissues of the body and returns relatively deoxygenated blood and carbon dioxide to the heart to be sent back to the pulmonary circuit

Question 16

Within the mediastinum, the heart is separated from the other mediastinal structures by a tough membrane known as the _______

Answer 16

pericardium

Question 17

What are the two sub layers of the pericardium?

Answer 17

-fibrous pericardium
-seraous pericardium

Question 18

What is the tough outer layer made of dense connective tissue that protects the heart and maintains its position in the thorax?

Answer 18

the fibrous pericardium

Question 19

What is the inner layer of the pericardium with parietal and visceral layers?

Answer 19

the seraous pericardium

Question 20

What is the outer layer of the serous pericardium, and it is fused to the fibrous pericardium?

Answer 20

the parietal pericardium; yes

Question 21

What is the inner layer lines the heart itself?

Answer 21

the visceral pericardium

Question 22

What is the thin space within this sac that the parietal and visceral pericardium form that is is filled with lubricating serous fluid that cushions and reduces friction on the heart as it beats?

Answer 22

the pericardial cavity

Question 23

What is the apex?

Answer 23

the inferior tip of the heart, the apex, lies just to the left of the sternum

Question 24

What do the left and right atrium do?

Answer 24

they are the upper chambers that act as a receiving chamber and contract to push blood into the lower chambers

Question 25

What do the left and right ventricles do?

Answer 25

they serve as the primary pumping chambers of the heart, propelling blood to the lungs or to the rest of the body.

Question 26

The ______ ______ serves as the receiving chamber for blood returning to the heart from the systemic circulation

Answer 26

right atrium

Question 27

What does the right ventricle do?

Answer 27

receives blood from the right atrium through the right atrioventricular, or tricuspid valve

Question 28

After exchange of gases in the pulmonary capillaries, blood returns to the _____ _____ high in oxygen via one of the four pulmonary vein

Answer 28

left atrium

Question 29

What is the major pumping chamber for the systemic circuit that ejects blood into the aorta through the aortic semilunar valve?

Answer 29

the left ventricle

Question 30

What structure exists between the right atrium and the right ventricle?

Answer 30

the right atrioventricular (tricuspid) valve

Question 31

What structure is located at the opening between the left atrium and left ventricle?

Answer 31

the left atrioventricular (bicuspid, mitral) valve

Question 32

The pulmonary semilunar valve functions to do what?

Answer 32

it lies at the base of the pulmonary trunk and prevents backflow from the pulmonary trunk

Question 33

The aortic semilunar valve functions to do what?

Answer 33

At the base of the aorta and prevents backflow from the aorta

Question 34

What are the muscular walls located between chambers of the heart?

Answer 34

the septa

Question 35

What structure is between the atria, containing the fossa ovalis in the adult heart, the remnant the fetal opening called the foramen ovale?

Answer 35

interatrial septum

Question 36

What structure is between the ventricles and is substantially thicker than the interatrial septum, since the ventricles generate far greater pressure when they contract?

Answer 36

interventricular septum

Question 37

What is the epicardium?

Answer 37

the outer layer of the heart, also the innermost layer of the serous pericardium (the visceral pericardium)

Question 38

What is is the middle and thickest of the heart wall?

Answer 38

myocardium

Question 39

What contributes significantly to the heart’s ability to pump blood effectively?

Answer 39

the swirling/figure 8 pattern around the atria and ventricles

Question 40

What is the endocardium?

Answer 40

the inner layer of the heart wall that lines the internal surface of the heart chambers and external surface of the heart valves; made up of simple squamous epithelium

Question 41

The coronary sulcus:

Answer 41

separates atria from ventricles

Question 42

What structure allows blood to move directly from the right atrium to the left atrium, avoiding the pulmonary circuit?

Answer 42

a shunt connecting the right and left atria called the foramen ovale

Question 43

What structure connects and diverts blood directly from the pulmonary artery to the aorta. This ensures that only a small volume of oxygenated blood passes through the immature pulmonary circuit?

Answer 43

a second shunt, the ductus arteriosus,

Question 44

What does the foramen ovale turn into?

Answer 44

fossa ovalis

Question 45

What does the ductus arteriosus turn into?

Answer 45

the ligamentum arteriosum

Question 46

Describe blood pressure:

Answer 46

- force of the blood pushing against the inside walls of blood vessel -changes with each stage of heart beat - is essential to circulate blood throughout the body

Question 47

What is the period of contraction that the heart undergoes while it pumps blood into circulation?

Answer 47

systole

Question 48

What is the period of relaxation that occurs as the chambers fill with blood?

Answer 48

diastole

Question 49

What supplies blood to the myocardium and other components of the heart?

Answer 49

The coronary arteries

Question 50

The _____ coronary artery distributes blood to the left side of the heart, the left atrium and ventricle, and the interventricular septum?

Answer 50

left

Question 51

The ________ artery arises from the left coronary artery and follows the coronary sulcus to the left to supply the left atrium and ventricle?

Answer 51

circumflex

Question 52

The Anterior interventricular artery (LAD)

Answer 52

supplies that anterior aspect of the ventricles and the interventricular septum

Question 53

The _____ coronary artery proceeds along the coronary sulcus and distributes blood to the right atrium, portions of both ventricles, and the heart conduction system.

Answer 53

right

Question 54

The ______ _______ _______ supplies blood to the superficial portions of the right ventricle.

Answer 54

right marginal artery

Question 55

On the posterior surface of the heart, the right coronary artery gives rise to the _______ ____________ ______, also known as the posterior descending artery. It runs along the posterior portion of the interventricular sulcus toward the apex of the heart, suppling the interventricular septum and portions of both ventricles.

Answer 55

posterior interventricular artery

Question 56

Coronary veins:

Answer 56

veins drain the heart and generally parallel the arteries

Question 57

The _______ ______ ______ parallels the anterior interventricular artery and drains the areas supplied by this vessel

Answer 57

great cardiac vein

Question 58

The _______ _______ _______ parallels and drains the areas supplied by the posterior interventricular artery.

Answer 58

middle cardiac vein

Question 59

The ________ _______ _______ parallels the right coronary artery and drains the blood from the posterior surfaces of the right atrium and ventricle.

Answer 59

small cardiac vein

Question 60

The _______ _______ is a large, thin-walled vein on the posterior surface of the heart lying within the atrioventricular sulcus and emptying directly into the right atrium.

Answer 60

coronary sinus

Question 61

The coronary veins drain into the?

Answer 61

coronary sinus

Question 62

Cardiac muscle has the ability to initiate an electrical potential at a fixed rate that spreads rapidly from cell to cell to trigger the contractile mechanism. This property is known as _________?

Answer 62

autorhythmicity

Question 63

The gap junctions and intercalated discs of the cardio myocytes do what?

Answer 63

they allow the signal to propagate easily and quickly from cell to cell, helping the myocytes contract synchronously

Question 64

Function of the sinoatrial (SA) node?

Answer 64

how normal cardiac rhythm is established; is the pacemaker of the heart. It initiates the sinus rhythm, or normal electrical pattern followed by contraction of the heart

Question 65

What are internodal pathways?

Answer 65

the three pathways of the electrical conduction system found in the atria that transmit the impulse from the SA node to the AV node

Question 66

What structure regulates the electrical signal between the atria and ventricles and includes a critical pause

Answer 66

atrioventricular (AV) node

Question 67

What is the AV bundle?

Answer 67

The structure along which the AV node rapidly transmits its signal to the ventricular tissues

Question 68

Purkinje fibers:

Answer 68

specialized conductive fibers located within the walls of the ventricles and transmit impulses to the right and left ventricles, causing them to contract

Question 69

As the _______ _______ reaches the superior surface of the heart, it curves posteriorly and rapidly bifurcates (divides) into two branches, a left and a right pulmonary artery.

Answer 69

pulmonary trunk

Question 70

The pulmonary arteries do what?

Answer 70

branch many times within the lung and carry deoxygenated blood out of the right ventricle and into the lungs

Question 71

The _____ is the largest artery in the body. It arises from the left ventricle.

Answer 71

aorta

Question 72

The _________ _______ moves in a superior direction for approximately 5 cm. Then it reverses direction, forming an arc to the left, called the ______ ______

Answer 72

ascending aorta; aortic arch

Question 73

When the aortic arch runs inferiorly a short distance, it then becomes the __________ _______. It travels just anterior and to the left of the to the vertebral bodies and passes through an opening in the diaphragm

Answer 73

descending aorta

Question 74

Superior to the diaphragm, it is called the _____ ______, and inferior to the diaphragm, it is called the _________ ______

Answer 74

thoracic aorta; abdominal aorta

Question 75

The brachiocephalic artery:

Answer 75

supplies blood to the right arm and the head and neck

Question 76

What is the the first branch off of the aortic arch?

Answer 76

the brachiocephalic trunk

Question 77

What structures branch off of the ascending aorta? What do they do?

Answer 77

The right and left coronary arteries are the only branches off the ascending aorta. They travel to supply the walls of the heart with blood.

Question 78

The right common carotid artery ascends to supply the:

Answer 78

right side of the head, neck, and brain.

Question 79

The right subclavian artery:

Answer 79

travels laterally deep to the clavicle to supply the right upper extremity.

Question 80

What is the last branch off of the aortic arch that travels laterally deep to the clavicle to supply the left upper extremity?

Answer 80

Left subclavian artery

Question 81

What is the middle branch off of the aortic arch that ascends to supply the left side of the head, neck, and brain?

Answer 81

the left common carotid artery

Question 82

What do the renal arteries do?

Answer 82

paired right and left arteries that branch just inferior to the superior mesenteric artery and supply the kidneys.

Question 83

What are the gonadal arteries?

Answer 83

paired right and left arteries that branch just inferior to the renal arteries to supply blood to the gonads, or reproductive organs. In the testicular artery, and in the female sex it is referred to as the ovarian artery.

Question 84

What is the gonadal artery in the male reproductive system?

Answer 84

testicular artery

Question 85

What is the gonadal artery in the female reproductive system?

Answer 85

ovarian artery

Question 86

Describe the inferior mesenteric artery?

Answer 86

single midline artery that arises a few cm superior to the branching of the abdominal aorta into the common iliac arteries, and it supplies blood to the hindgut organs.

Question 87

Describe the superior mesenteric artery?

Answer 87

single midline artery that arises just inferior to the celiac trunk and branches into several major vessels that supply blood to the midgut organs

Question 88

The celiac trunk is responsible for what?

Answer 88

it is a single central, short trunk that branches from the abdominal aorta just inferior to the diaphragm. It branches into three arteries that supply the foregut organs and spleen

Question 89

The _________ ________ _______ split into external and internal iliac arteries and provide blood to the pelvic region and ultimately to the lower limbs

Answer 89

common iliac arteries

Question 90

The superior vena cava:

Answer 90

drains blood from regions superior to the diaphragm: the head, neck, upper limbs, and the thoracic region

Question 91

The inferior vena cava:

Answer 91

travels alongside the descending aorta and drains blood from areas inferior to the diaphragm: the lower limbs and abdominopelvic region of the body.

Question 92

The anterior interventricular sulcus:

Answer 92

marks the boundary between the ventricles anteriorly

Question 93

The posterior interventricular sulcus:

Answer 93

marks the boundary between the ventricles posteriorly

Question 94

What is cardiomegaly?

Answer 94

abnormal enlargement of the heart