Module 5 - Cartilage and Bone

Question 1

Which of the following are true regarding compact and spongy bone?
-Each osteon is composed of concentric rings (lamellae) with a central canal containing blood vessels, nerves, and lymphatic vessels.
-The structural unit of compact bone is called an osteon.
-Spongy bone is denser and stronger.
-Trabeculae network spaces make bones lighter for movement.
-Compact bone contains trabeculae.
-Each trabecula forms along the lines of stress to provide strength to the bone.

Answer 1

-Each osteon is composed of concentric rings (lamellae) with a central canal containing blood vessels, nerves, and lymphatic vessels.
-The structural unit of compact bone is called an osteon.
-Trabeculae network spaces make bones lighter for movement.
-Each trabecula forms along the lines of stress to provide strength to the bone.

Question 2

Sesamoid bone

Answer 2

Small and round; embedded in tendons
-vary in number and placement from person to person but are typically found in tendons associated with the feet, hands, and knees.
-The patellae are the only sesamoid bones found in common with every person.

Question 3

Short bone

Answer 3

Cube-like in shape, approximately equal in length, width, and thickness; provide stability and support as well as some limited motion (ex. carpals, tarsals)

Question 4

Flat bone

Answer 4

Thin and curved; serve as points of attachment for muscles and often protect internal organs (ex. cranial skull bones, scapulae, sternum, ribs)

Question 5

Long bone

Answer 5

Cylinder-like shape, longer than it is wide; function as levers; they move when muscles contract (ex. bones in arms, legs, metacarpals, phalanges, metatarsals, etc)

Question 6

Epiphysis

Answer 6

Wider section at the end of a long bone; filled with spongy bone

Question 7

Medullary cavity

Answer 7

Hollow region in the diaphysis; filled with yellow marrow which is an important site for energy reserve

Question 8

Metaphysis

Answer 8

Where the epiphysis meets the diaphysis; the narrow area that contains the epiphyseal plate (growth plate), a layer of hyaline cartilage in a growing bone

Question 9

Diaphysis

Answer 9

Tubular shaft that runs between the proximal and distal ends of the bone

Question 10

Fossa

Answer 10

Shallow basin-like depression

Question 11

Facet

Answer 11

Flat articular surface

Question 12

Foramen

Answer 12

Round or oval hole through a bone

Question 13

Canal

Answer 13

Elongated passage in bone

Question 14

Condyle

Answer 14

Large rounded articular surface

Question 15

Head

Answer 15

Bony expansion carried on a narrow neck

Question 16

Tuberosity

Answer 16

Large rounded projection, may be roughened

Question 17

What is produced in the red bone marrow?

Answer 17

Blood cells

Question 18

The periosteum covers the ____ of the bones

Answer 18

Outside

Question 19

The outer layer of all bones are comprised of:

Answer 19

compact bone

Question 20

How do the functions of the osteoclasts and osteoblasts differ?

Answer 20

Osteoclasts dissolve bone matrix, whereas osteoblasts deposit matrix into the bones.

Question 21

Once the first blood vessels grow into the shaft of the cartilage in a developing bone, what occurs first?

Answer 21

Osteoblasts migrate into the cartilage with the capillaries and begin to lay down bone.

Question 22

If you break your leg and wear a cast for two months, what changes will you expect to observe in the leg when the cast is removed?

Answer 22

The healed bone will have lost bone mass because it will not have been stressed.

Question 23

Endochondral ossification begins with:

Answer 23

hyaline cartilage

Question 24

During endochondral ossification:

Answer 24

-capillaries and osteoblasts migrate into the heart of the cartilage.
-osteoclasts erode the center of the new bone to form a marrow cavity.
-cells of the perichondrium differentiate into osteoblasts.
-the matrix of the cartilage model becomes calcified.

Question 25

Appositional bone growth increases the dimensions of cartilage and bone by:

Answer 25

adding cells to the surface

Question 26

Red marrow

Answer 26

-In some spongy bone in adults, medullary cavity in children -Contains stem cells that produce all formed elements found in blood

Question 27

Spongy bone

Answer 27

-Layer of bone tissue that has many small spaces and is found just inside the layer of compact bone. -supports shifts in weight distribution

Question 28

Trabeculae

Answer 28

contain layers of parallel lamellae and osteocytes; only found in spongy bone

Question 29

Compact bone

Answer 29

-the denser, stronger of the two types of bone tissue -found under the periosteum and in the diaphyses of long bones, where it provides support and protection.

Question 30

Nutrient artery

Answer 30

large artery that supply the diaphysis enter through the nutrient foramen

Question 31

Metaphyseal arteries

Answer 31

The blood supplies to/from the metaphysis

Question 32

Epiphyseal artery

Answer 32

The blood supplies to/from the epiphysis

Question 33

Periosteal arteries

Answer 33

The blood supplies to/from the periosteum

Question 34

Periosteum

Answer 34

a fibrous membrane the outer surface of the bone is covered with; contains blood vessels, nerves, and lymphatic vessels that nourish compact bone

Question 35

Endosteum

Answer 35

a delicate membranous lining the medullary cavity has; where bone growth, repair, and remodeling occur

Question 36

Osteoclast

Answer 36

The cell responsible for bone resorption, or breakdown

Question 37

Osteoblast

Answer 37

bone cell responsible for forming new bone and is found in the growing portions of bone, including the periosteum and endosteum

Question 38

Osteocyte

Answer 38

what the osteoblast becomes as the secreted matrix surrounding the osteoblast calcifies and the osteoblast becomes trapped within it; thus, it changes in structure and becomes an osteocyte

Question 39

Osteogenic (Osteoprogenitor) cell

Answer 39

bone stem cell that replaces the other cells in bone

Question 40

Yellow Marrow

Answer 40

-where hematopoiesis, the production of blood cells, takes place -Red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets are all produced in the red marrow.

Question 41

Osteon

Answer 41

The microscopic structural unit of compact bone; composed of concentric rings of calcified matrix called lamellae

Question 42

Central canal

Answer 42

runs down the center of each osteon; contains blood vessels, nerves, and lymphatic vessels

Question 43

Concentric Lamellae

Answer 43

rings of calcified matrix around a central canal

Question 44

What is the difference between Circumferential lamellae and cocentric lamellae?

Answer 44

concentric lamellae form the cylindrical structure of an osteon, while circumferential lamellae run around the entire bone periphery.

Question 45

Lacunae

Answer 45

small cavities in bone that contain osteocytes, mature bone cells

Question 46

Canaliculi

Answer 46

microscopic chanels that connect with the canaliculi of other lacunae and eventually with the central canal.

Question 47

Perforating canal

Answer 47

canal perpendicular to the central canal, carries blood vessels and nerves

Question 48

Intramembranous ossification

Answer 48

-The flat bones of the face, most of the cranial bones, and the clavicles (collarbones are formed via intramembranous ossification. -Bones formed directly from a membrane of connective tissue

Question 49

Endochondral ossification

Answer 49

the process of bone formation where hyaline cartilage is gradually replaced by bone; all of our bones are formed this way but the ones mentioned in intramembranous ossification

Question 50

Periosteal bone collar

Answer 50

thin plate of compact bone surrounding the outer surface of the cartilage

Question 51

Interstitial bone growth

Answer 51

-Growth in the middle -Chondrocytes within cartilage divide and secrete a new matrix -Cartilage only

Question 52

Epiphyseal plate

Answer 52

-is the area of growth in a long bone -it is a layer of hyaline cartilage where ossification occurs in immature bones -On the epiphyseal side of the epiphyseal plate, cartilage is formed -On the diaphyseal side, cartilage is ossified, and the diaphysis grows in length

Question 53

Appositional bone growth

Answer 53

-Growth on the surface -Increase in Diameter -Bone and cartilage

Question 54

Remodeling

Answer 54

the process of laying down new bone and resorbing old bone at the periosteal and endosteal surfaces

Question 55

Rickets

Answer 55

Vitamin D deficiency in children (can cause bowed legs)

Question 56

Osteomalacia

Answer 56

Vitamin D deficiency in adults; abnormal softening of the bone (can cause bowed legs)

Question 57

Osteoarthritis

Answer 57

aging and stress result in decreased chondrocyte ability to maintain and repair its matrix; inflammation of bone and joint

Question 58

Osteopenia

Answer 58

bone mineral density is lower than normal

Question 59

Osteoporosis

Answer 59

rate of bone breakdown and reabsorption by osteoclasts is greater than production by osteoblasts ( a disease characterized by a decrease in bone mass that occurs when the rate of bone resorption exceeds the rate of bone formation, a common occurrence as the body ages.)

Question 60

Irregular bone

Answer 60

does not have any easily characterized shape and, therefore, does not fit any other classification; tend to have more complex shapes, like the vertebrae that support the spinal cord and protect it from compressive forces

Question 61

Pneumatized bone

Answer 61

-often hollow or contains numerous air pockets -tend to be in skull and face - decrease the weight of the skull and are often sites for the sinuse -

Question 62

Chondrocytes

Answer 62

cells that make up cartilage

Question 63

Chondroblasts

Answer 63

progenitor cells that create cartilage

Question 64

Hyaline cartilage

Answer 64

most common type of cartilage in the body, consists of short and dispersed collagen fibers; Provides stiff but somewhat flexible support; reduces friction between bony surfaces (avascular) -Between tips of ribs and bones of sternum; covering bone surfaces at synovial joints; supporting larynx (voice box), trachea, and bronchi; forming part of nasal septum

Question 65

Fibrocartilage

Answer 65

Resists compression; prevents bone-to-bone contact; limits relative movement -Pads (menisci) within knee joint; between pubic bones of pelvis; intervertebral discs

Question 66

Elastic cartilage

Answer 66

Provides support, but tolerates distortion without damage and returns to original shape -Auricle of external ear; epiglottis; auditory canal; cuneiform cartilages of larynx

Question 67

Perichondrium

Answer 67

- layer of dense irregular connective tissue -fibrous outer layer -resists outward pressure

Question 68

Articular cartilage

Answer 68

thin layer of cartilage that reduces friction and acts as a shock absorber.

Question 69

Interstitial cartilage growth

Answer 69

expansion of cartilage from within by the division of existing chondrocytes, increasing the length of the cartilage

Question 70

Appositional cartilage growth

Answer 70

involves the addition of new cartilage cells from the perichondrium at the surface, leading to an increase in the width of the cartilage