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Nursing 120 > Module 13: Reproductive System > Flashcards

Module 13: Reproductive System Flashcards

1
Q

Sexual reproduction

A

producing offspring
- sexual reproduction
- gametes (ovum and sperm)
- reproductive hormones

Male and female systems
- common general structure and function between systems
- adaptation of systems
- secondary sex characteristics and normal reproductive system activity

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2
Q

Male reproductive system structural plan

A

essential organs of reproduction
- gonads > testes (R testis and L testis)

Accessory organs of reproduction
- ducts > epididymis (2), vas deferens (2), ejaculatory duct (2), and urethra
- supportive sex glands > seminal vesicle (2), bulbourethral or cowper gland and prostate gland
- external genitals (genitalia) > scrotum and penis

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3
Q

Males Gonads: testes
Location and structure

A

testes suspended outside of the body cavity in the scrotum
- covered by tunica albuginea, which divides testis into lobules containing seminiferous tubules
- small endocrine cells “interstitial cells” located outside of the tubules secrete male sex hormone testosterone
- structure of the seminiferous tubule

*sperm develops in the walls of the tubules and then released to exit the body

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4
Q

Male gonads: testes functions

A

spermatogenesis
- gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GRH)
- Follicle - stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH)

Testosterone production
- masculinizing hormone
- promotes and maintains the development of male accessory organs
- anabolic steroid hormone

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5
Q

Male reproductive ducts

A

epididymis
- lies along the top and behind the testes in the scrotum
- sperm mature and become motile

Vas deferens (ductus deferens)
- joins duct of seminal vesicle to form the ejaculatory duct
- receives sperm from the epididymis and transports them from the scrotal sac into the abdominal cavity

Ejaculatory duct and urethra
- passes through the prostate gland and allows sperm to empty into the urethra > penis > external urethral meatus

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6
Q

Female reproductive system structural plan

A

Essential organs of the reproductive tract
- gonads > ovaries (R ovary and L ovary)
* estrogen and progesterone production

Accessory organs of the reproductive tract
- ducts or modified ducts
* uterine tubes, uterus, and vagina
- additional sex glands
*greater vestibular glands, lesser, vestibular glands and mammary glands
- external genitals
*vulva

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7
Q

Male accessory Glands

A

semen (seminal fluid)
- mixture of sperm and secretions of accessory sex glands

Seminal vesicles
- supplies fructose necessary energy for sperm motility

Prostate gland
- activates sperm and facilitates ongoing sperm motility

Bulbourethral (Cowper) glands
- neutralizes acidic urine in the urethra

External genitals

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8
Q

Female Gonads: Ovaries Location and Structure

A

Location
- paired glands attached to ligaments in the pelvic cavity on each side of the uterus
*broad, ovarian, and suspensory ligaments

Structure
- Ovarian follicles
* oocyte > primary follicle > granulosa cells > secondary follicles > mature (graafian) follicles > ovulation > corpus luteum

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9
Q

Female Gonads: Ovaries Functions

A

Oogenesis
- meiosis
* process of two successive cell divisions that produces a zygote

Estrogen and progesterone production
- estrogen > development and maintenance of secondary sex characteristics
- progesterone > stimulates secretory activity of the uterine epithelium and assists estrogen in initiating menses

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10
Q

Female reproductive ducts

A

uterine tubes (fallopian tubes or oviducts)
- extends from the uterus into the abdominal cavity
- mucosal lining of the tube is continuous with the lining of the abdominal cavity

Uterus
- body (upper portion), and cervix (lower portion), and fundus
- lies in the pelvic cavity just behind the urinary bladder (except during pregnancy)
- menstruation, pregnancy, and labor

Vagina
- composed of smooth muscle; lined with mucous membrane
- located in the pelvic cavity between urinary bladder and rectum in the pelvis

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11
Q

Female Accessory Glands

A

Vestibular glands
- two pair of exocrine glands that open between the labia minora and secrete mucus lubricating fluid
*greater vestibular glands or bartholin glands
*lesser vestibular glands or Skene glands

Breasts
- located over pectoral muscles and attached by fibrous, suspensory ligaments (cooper’s ligaments)
- lobes > lobules > alveoli > lactiferous ducts > lactiferous sinus > areola

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12
Q

Female External Genitals (genitalia)

A

Vulva
- includes the mons pubis, clitoris, external urinary meatus, labia minora, hymen, openings of vestibular gland ducts, orifice (opening) of vagina, and labia majora

perineum
- area between vaginal opening and anus

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13
Q

Glossary: Accessory Organ

A

An organ that assists other organs in accomplishing their functions

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14
Q

Glossary: Acrosome

A

Structure on the sperm’s head containing enzymes that break down the covering of the ovum to allow entry

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15
Q

Glossary: Amenorrhea

A

Absence of normal menstruation

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16
Q

Glossary: Antrum

A

Cavity

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17
Q

Glossary: Areola

A

small space; the pigmented ring around the nipple

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18
Q

Glossary: benign prostatic hypertrophy (BPH)

A

A noncancerous enlargement of the prostate in older men

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19
Q

Glossary: Breast

A

structure on the anterior aspect of the chest made up of skin, lipid, and mammary glands; may produce milk to sustain offspring

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20
Q

Glossary: Bulbourethral gland (Cowper gland)

A

Small gland located just below the prostate gland whose mucuslike secretions lubricate portion of the urethra and contribute less than 5% of the seminal fluid volume; also known as a cowper gland

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21
Q

Glossary: Cervix

A

neck; any necklike structure

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22
Q

Glossary: Circumcision

A

surgical removal of the foreskin or prepuce

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23
Q

Glossary: Clitoris

A

Erectile tissue located at the anterior corner of the vestibule of the vagina

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24
Q

Glossary: Corpora Cavernosa

A

Two columns of erectile tissue found in the shaft of the penis

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25
Glossary: corpus luteum
A hormone- secreting glandular structure transformed after ovulation from a ruptured follicle; it secretes chiefly progesterone and some estrogen
26
Glossary: Corpus spongiosum
A column of erectile tissue surrounding the urethra in the penis
27
Glossary: Cryptorchidism
undescended testicles
28
Glossary: Ectopic pregnancy
A pregnancy in which the fertilized ovum implants someplace other than in the uterus
29
Glossary: Ejaculation
Sudden discharge of semen from the body
30
Glossary: Ejaculatory duct
duct formed by the joining of the ductus deferens and the duct from the seminal vesicle that allows sperm to enter the urethra
31
Glossary: endometrium
Mucous membrane lining the uterus
32
Glossary: Epididymis
Tightly coiled tube that lies along the top and behind the testes, where sperm mature and develop the ability to swim
33
Glossary: Episiotomy
A surgical procedure used during birth to prevent a laceration of the mother's perineum or the vagina
34
Glossary: Essential Organ
Any reproductive organ that must be present for reproduction to occur and is known as a gonad
35
Glossary: estrogen
Sex hormone secreted by the ovary that causes the development and maintenance of the female secondary sex characteristics and stimulates growth of the epithelial cells lining the uterus
36
Glossary: Fallopian tubes
either of the pair of tubes that conduct the ovum from the ovary to the uterus; also called a uterine tube or oviduct
37
Glossary: Fimbria
A fringelike appendage surrounding the distal ends of the uterine tubes or other structures
38
Glossary: Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
Hormone present in males and females; in males, FSH stimulates the production of sperm; in females, FSH stimulates the ovarian follicles to mature and follicle cells to secrete estrogen
39
Glossary: Foreskin (prepuce)
A loose-fitting retractable casing located over the glans of the penis; also known as the prepuce
40
Glossary: Fundus
part of the organ opposite to its main opening; the base of an organ, opposite the apex of the organ
41
Glossary: Gamete
either of the two sex cells, sperm cells (spermatozoa) from the male or eggs (ova) from the female
42
Glossary: Genital
an external reproductive organ
43
Glossary: Glans
the sensitive distal end or "head" of the shaft of the penis or the clitoris
44
Glossary: Gonad
sex glands in which reproductive cells (gametes) are formed
45
Glossary: Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)
Hormone released by the hypothalamus that triggers the secretion of FSH and LH, both gonadotropins, from the anterior pituitary gland
46
Glossary: Graafian follicle
Ovarian follicle in an advanced stage of development
47
Glossary: Granulosa cell
Cell layer surrounding the oocyte
48
Glossary: greater vestibular gland (Bartholin gland)
either of the glands located on each side of the vaginal outlet; secretes mucuslike lubricating fluid; also known as bartholin gland
49
Glossary: Gynecologist
physician specializing in medicine of the female reproductive system
50
Glossary: Hymen
Greek for "membrane"; mucous membrane that encircles the distal vagina and may partially or entirely occlude the vaginal outlet
51
Glossary: Hysterectomy
Surgical removal of the uterus
52
Glossary: interstitial cell
Small endocrine cells in the testes that secrete the male sex hormone testosterone
53
Glossary: Labia majora
"large lips" of the vulva
54
Glossary: Labia minora
"small lips" of the vulva
55
Glossary: Lactiferous duct
The duct that drains the grapelike cluster of milk-secreting glands in the breast
56
Glossary: Lesser vestibular gland (Skene Gland)
Tiny mucous gland located near the female's urinary meatus by way of two small ducts; also called Skene gland
57
Glossary: Luteinizing hormone (LH)
Acts in conjunction with follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) to stimulate follicle and ovum maturation and release of estrogen and ovulation; known as the ovulating hormone; in males, causes testes to develop and secrete testosterone
58
Glossary: Meiosis
Nuclear division in which the number of chromosomes is reduced to half the original number; produces gametes
59
Glossary: Menarche
Beginning of the menstrual function
60
Glossary: Menopause
Termination of menstrual cycles
61
Glossary: menses
menstrual flow
62
Glossary: Menstrual cycle
The cyclical changes in the uterine lining
63
Glossary: Mons pubis
Skin-covered pad of lipid over the symphysis pubis in the female
64
Glossary: Myometrium
Muscle layer in the uterus
65
Glossary: oocyte
Immature stage of the female sex cell
66
Glossary: Oogenesis
Production of female gametes
67
Glossary: Oophorectomy
Surgical procedure to remove the ovaries
68
Glossary: Ovarian Follicle
pockets in the ovaries that contain developing oocytes
69
Glossary: Ovary
either of paired female gonads that produce ova (sex cells)
70
Glossary: Oviduct
uterine or fallopian tube
71
Glossary: Ovulation
release of an egg (ovum) from the ovary
72
Glossary: Ovum
female gamete; egg
73
Glossary: Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID)
Inflammatory disease of the female reproductive and other pelvic organs caused by a number of different pathogens, including those responsible for many sexually transmitted diseases (STDs), such as gonorrhea
74
Glossary: Penis
organ that forms part of the male genitalia; when sexually aroused, becomes stiff to enable it to enter and deposit sperm in the vagina
75
Glossary: Perineum
area between the anus and genitals
76
Glossary: Polar body
A small, nonfunctional cell produced during meiotic divisions in the formation of the female gamete
77
Glossary: Primary follicle
The type of ovarian follicle present at puberty; covered with granulosa cells
78
Glossary: Primary spermatocyte
Developmental cell that undergoes meiosis to ultimately form sperm
79
Glossary: Progesterone
hormone produced by the corpus luteum; stimulates secretion of the uterine lining; with estrogen, helps initiate the menstrual cycle in girls entering puberty
80
Glossary: Proliferative phase
Phase of the menstrual cycle that begins after the menstrual flow ends and lasts until ovulation
81
Glossary: Prostate cancer
malignancy of the prostate gland, an exocrine gland under the male urinary bladder
82
Glossary: Prostate gland
Gland that lies just below the bladder; secretes a fluid that constitutes about 30% of the seminal fluid volume; helps to activate sperm and maintain their motility
83
Glossary: Prostatectomy
Surgical removal of part or all of the prostate gland
84
Glossary: prostatitis
Inflammation of the prostate gland
85
Glossary: Scrotum
Pouchlike sac that contains the testes
86
Glossary: Secretatory phase
phase of the menstrual cycle that behind at ovulation and lasts until the next menses begins
87
Glossary: Semen (seminal fluid)
male reproductive fluid; also called seminal fluid
88
Glossary: Seminal vesicle
Paired, pouchlike gland that contributes about 60% of the seminal fluid volume; rich in fructose, which is a source of energy for sperm
89
Glossary: Seminiferous tubule
Long, coiled structure that forms the bulk of the testicular mass
90
Glossary: Sperm
the male spermatozoon; sex cell
91
Glossary: Spermatid
resulting daughter cell from the primary spermatocyte undergoing meiosis; spermatid cells have only half the nuclear chromosomes of other body cells
92
Glossary: Spermatogenesis
the production of sperm cells
93
Glossary: Spermatogonia
sperm precursor cells
94
Glossary: Spermatozoon
sperm cells
95
Glossary: testis
male gonad that produces the male sex cells or sperm
96
Glossary: Testosterone
male sex hormone produced by the interstitial cells in the testes; the "masculinizing hormone"
97
Glossary: Tunica Albuginea
A tough, whitish membrane that surrounds each testis and enters the gland to divide in into lobules
98
Glossary: Urethra
passageway for elimination of urine; in male, also acts as a genital duct that carries sperm to the exterior
99
Glossary: Urologist
physician specializing in treatment of the urogenital (urinary and reproductive) tract
100
Glossary: Uterine tube
either of the pair of tubes that conduct the ovum from the ovary to the uterus; also called fallopian tube
101
Glossary: Uterus
hollow, muscular organ where a fertilized egg implants and grows
102
Glossary: Vagina
internal tube from the uterus to the vulva
103
Glossary: Vas deferens (ductus deferens)
A thick, smooth, muscular tube that allows sperm to exit from the epididymis and pass from the scrotal sac into the abdominal cavity
104
Glossary: Vestibule
Cavity that forms an entryway to another cavity; the vestibule of the inner ear is the space adjacent to the oval window between the semicircular canals and the cochlea; the vestibule of the vulva, between the labia, forms an entryway to the vagina
105
Glossary: Vulva
external genitals of the female
106
Glossary: Zygote
a fertilized ovum

Nursing 120 (13 decks)

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