Module 2 Flashcards
1
Q
Composition of cells
A
cytoplasm, organelles, cell interior
2
Q
what are the three structural parts of the cell
A
plasma membrane
cytoplasm
nucleus
3
Q
What is the plasma membrane
A
- forms outer boundary of cell
- composed of thin, two-layered membrane of phospholipids
- embedded with proteins
- selectively permeable
4
Q
Nucleus
A
central structure of the cell
5
Q
nucleus cell control
A
-contains most of the genetic code (genome); 46 nuclear chromosomes contained in DNA
- contains directions for the manufacture of proteins; determines cell structure and function
6
Q
Structures of the nucleus include:
A
- nuclear envelope
- nucleoplasm
- nucleolus
- chromatin granules
7
Q
Ribosomes
A
-composed of two very small subunits of ribosomal RNA (rRNA)
- manufacture enzymes and other proteins ; protein factories
8
Q
ER - Endoplasmic reticulum
A
Rough ER - collects, folds, and transports proteins made by ribosomes
Smooth ER - synthesizes chemicals and makes new membrane
9
Q
Golgi apparatus
A
group of flattened sacs located near the nucleus
10
Q
mitochondria
A
composed of inner and outer membranous sacs ; power plants of the cell
11
Q
lysosomes
A
membrane-enclosed packets containing digestive enzymes - able to destroy microbes
12
Q
centrosome
A
microtiubule-organizing region of the cytoskeleton near the nucleus
13
Q
the three key cell extensions
A
microvilli
cilia
flagella
14
Q
what are the four major tissues types
A
epithelial tissue
connective tissue
muscle tissue
nervous tissue
15
Q
ECM =?
A
Extracellular Matrix
16
Q
ECM - extracellular matrix
A
- jelly like substance
- mainly made of water
-tissues differ in the amount and kind of fluid material between the cells - matrix varies in amount and composition among the various tissues
-epithelial tissues have very little matrix because the cells are so closely connected
(collagen [twisted rope], elastin [rubbery quality], prodial glycons [linking among cells, absorbing shock and lubrication)
17
Q
Epithelial tissue: if classified according to shape, identified as:
A
-squamous: flat and scalelike
- cuboidal : cube-shaped
- columnar : higher than they are wide
- transitional: varying shapes that can stretch
18
Q
epithelial tissue: if categorized by cell arrangement:
A
simple and stratified
19
Q
connective tissue
A
most abundant and widely distributed tissue in body, with many different types, appearances, and functions
- very few cells in the intercellular matrix
20
Q
connective tissue: reticular tissue
A
fine net of collagen fibers (bone marrow)
20
Q
connective tissue: cartilage tissue
A
matrix is consistency of gristle-like gel; chondrocyte is cell type
20
Q
what are the two main types of connective tissues
A
areolar (loose connective) tissue : fibrous glue (fascia) that holds organs together; collagenous and elastic fibers, plus a variety of cell types
adipose (fat) tissue : lipid storage, metabolism regulation; brown fat produces heat
21
Q
connective tissue: bone tissue
A
matrix is calcified; functions as support and protection
22
Q
connective tissue: dense fibrous tissue
A
bundles of strong collagen fibers (tendon)
23
connective tissue: blood tissue
matrix is fluid; functions are transportation and protection
24
Types of muscle tissue
skeletal
cardiac and
smooth muscle tissue
25
skeletal muscle tissue
striated or voluntary - attaches to bones, control is voluntary
25
cardiac muscle tissue
striated involuntary - composes heart wall; ordinarily, usually, cannot control contractions
26
smooth muscle tissue
nonstriated [visceral] or involuntary - found in blood vessels and other tube-shaped organs
27
nervous tissue
provides rapid communication between body structures and control of body functions
28
two types of cells in nervous tissue
nerve cells (neurons) and special connecting
- characterized by cell body
- two types of processes; one axon, one or more dendrites
and supporting cells (glia or neuroglia)
- special connecting and supporting cells (glia or neuroglia)
29
Organ
a structure composed of two or more kinds of tissue organized together in a particular arrangement that allows them to perform a more complex function than a single tissue
30
organ system
a group of organs organized together in a particular arrangement that allows them to perform a more complex function than a single organ
31
Integumentary system; structure
appendages:
- skin
- hair
- nails
- sense receptors
- sweat and oil glands
31
Integumentary system; functions
- protection
- regulation of body temperature
- synthesis of chemicals
- sense organs
32
skeletal system; structure
bone and joints
33
skeletal system; functions
- support
- movement (with joints and muscles)
- storage of minerals
- blood cell formation
34
muscular system; structure
muscles
- voluntary, or striated
- involuntary, or smooth
- cardiac
35
muscular system; functions
- movement
- maintenance of body posture
- production of heat
36
nervous system; structure
- brain
- spinal cord
- nerves
- sense organs
37
nervous system; functions
- communication
- integration
- control
- recognition of sensory stimuli
38
endocrine system; structure
- pituitary gland
- pineal gland
- hypothalamus
- thyroid gland
- parathyroid glands
- thymus gland
- adrenal glands
- pancreas
- ovaries (female)
- testes (male)
39
endocrine system; functions
-regulation and secretion of hormones directly into bloodstream [growth, metabolism, reproduction, fluid and electrolyte balance]
- organs perform same general functions as nervous system [communication, integration, control slow long duration]
40
cardio (circ) system; structure
heart
blood vessels
- arteries
- veins
- capillaries
41
cardio (circ) system; functions
transportation
regulation of body temp
immunity (body defense)
42
lymphatic system; structure
lymph nodes
lymphatic vessels
tonsils
thymus
spleen
43
lymph system; functions
transportation
immunity (body defense)
44
immune system; structure
includes all structures of the body's defense systems
45
immune system; functions
protects from disease-causing microorganisms; harmful toxins
appropriate reaction to irritants; injuries
46
respiratory system; structure
nose
pharynx
larynx
trachea
bronchi
lungs
47
respiratory system; functions
exchange of waste gas (carbon dioxide) for oxygen occurs in the alveoli of the lungs
warm and humidify incoming air
filtration of irritants from inspired air
regulation of acid-base balance
48
digestive system; structure - primary organs
- mouth
- pharynx
- esophagus
- stomach
- small intestine
- large intestine
- rectum
- anal canal
49
digestive systems; functions
- mechanical and chemical breakdown (digestion) of food
- absorption of nutrients
- elimination of undigested waste product (feces)
50
digestive system; structure - secondary organs
- teeth
- salivary glands
- tongue
- liver
- gallbladder
- pancreas
- appendix
51
digestive system; appendix
- structural component
- not a functional part of digestive system
52
urinary system; structure
- kidneys
-ureters
- urinary bladder
- urethra
53
urinary system; functions
clears blood of waste products - eliminated through urine
electrolyte balance
water balance
acid-base balance
urethra has urinary and reproductive functions in males
54
reproductive system; structure male
gonads: testes
genital ducts: vas deferens, urethra
accessory gland: prostate
supporting structures: genitalia (penis and scrotum)
55
reproductive system; structure female
gonads: ovaries
accessory organs: uterus, uterine (fallopian) tubes, vagina
supporting structures: genitalia (vulva), mammary glands (breasts)
56
reproductive system; functions
survival of genes
production of sex cells (male: sperm; female: ova)
transfer and fertilization of sex cells
development and birth of offspring
nourishment of offspring
production of sex hormones
57
Glossary: Active Transport
movement of a substance into and out of a living cell requiring the use of cellular energy
58
Glossary: Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)
chemical compound that provides energy for use by body cells
59
Glossary: Anaphase
stage of mitosis; duplicate chromosomes move to poles of dividing cell
60
Glossary: Apoptosis
programmed cell death by means of several biochemical processes built into each cell; apoptosis clears space for newer cells, as in early embryonic development or in tissue repair
61
Glossary: benign tumor
a relatively harmless neoplasm
62
Glossary: centriole
one of a pair of tiny cylinders in the centrosome of a cell; believed to be involved with the spindle fibers formed during mitosis
63
Glossary: centromere
a beadlike structure that attaches one chromatid to another during the early stages of mitosis
64
Glossary: centrosome
area of the cytoplasm near the nucleus that coordinated the building and breaking up of microtubules in the cell; contains centrioles
65
Glossary: chromatid
either of two replicated chromatin (DNA) strands within a chromosome of a cell ready to divide
66
Glossary: chromatin granule
early stained substance in the nucleus of cells made up of DNA strands wound around spools of protein; condenses into chromosomes during mitosis
67
Glossary: chromosome
DNA molecule that has coiled to form a compact mass during mitosis or meiosis; each chromosome is composed of regions called genes, each of which transmits hereditary info
68
Glossary: cilium
hairlike projections of cells; eyelashes. pl., cilia
69
Glossary: cleavage furrow
depression in the parent cell surface during cell division; appears at the end of anaphase and begins to divide the cell into two daughter cells
70
Glossary: codon
in RNA, a triplet of three base pairs that codes for a particular amino acid; subunit of a protein-coding gene
71
Glossary: complementary base pairing
bonding of purines and pyridines in DNA; adenine always binds with thymine, and cytosine always binds with guanine
72
Glossary: crenation
abnormal notching in an erythrocyte resulting from shrinkage after suspension in a hypertonic solution
73
Glossary: cytokinesis
process by which a dividing cell splits its cytoplasm and plasma membrane into two distinct daughter cells; cytokinesis happens along with mitosis (or meiosis) during the cell division process
74
Glossary: cytoskeleton
cell's internal supporting, moving framework
75
Glossary: cytoplasm
the gel-like substance of a cell exclusive of the nucleus and other organelles
76
Glossary: DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)
genetic material of the cell that carries the chemical 'blueprint' of the body
77
Glossary: dialysis
separation of smaller (diffusible) particles from larger (non-diffusible) particles through a semipermeable membrane
78
Glossary: differentiate
a process by which daughter cells become different structure and function (by using different genes from the genome shared by all cells of the body), as when some of the original cells of early developmental stages differentiate to become muscle cells and other cells become nerve cells. and so on (differentiation is another form of this term)
79
Glossary: diffusion
spreading; for ex. scattering of dissolved particles
80
Glossary: DNA replication
the unique ability of DNA molecules to make copies of themselves
81
Glossary: ER (endoplasmic reticulum)
network of tubules and vesicles in cytoplasm
82
Glossary: filtration
movement of water and solutes through a membrane by a higher hydrostatic pressure on one side
83
Glossary: flagellum
a single projection extending from the cell surface; the only example in humans is the 'tail' of the male sperm. pl = flagella
84
Glossary: gene
one of many segments of a chromosome (DNA molecule); each gene contains the genetic code for synthesizing a protein molecule such as an enzyme or hormone
85
Glossary: genetic counselor
sequence of base pairs in DNA or RNA that represents inherited info
86
Glossary: genome
the entire set of chromosomes in a cell; the human genome refers to the entire set of human chromosomes
86
Glossary: genetic engineer
someone who specializes in manipulating the genetic code
87
Glossary: genetics
the science of heredity and genetic info
88
Glossary: golgi apparatus
small sacs stacked on one another near the nucleus that make carbohydrate compounds, combines them with protein molecules, and packages the product in a globule
89
Glossary: hypertonic
a solution containing a high level of salt (NaCl) than is found in a living red blood cell (above 0.9% NaCl)
90
Glossary: hypotonic
a solution containing a lower level of salt than is found in a living RBC (below 0.9% NaCl)
91
Glossary: interstitial fluid
fluid located in the microscopic spaces between the cells
91
Glossary: Interphase
the phase immediately before the visible stages of cell division, when the DNA of each chromosome replicates itself
92
Glossary: isotonic
relating to the same pressure or tension; for example, isotonic solutions have the same osmotic pressure
93
Glossary: lyse
disintegration of a cell
94
Glossary: lysosome
membranous organelles containing various enzymes that can dissolve most cellular compounds; hence called digestive bags or suicide bags of cells
95
Glossary: malignant tumor
cancerous
96
Glossary: messenger RNA (mRNA)
a duplicate copy of a gene sequence on the DNA that passes from the nucleus to the cytoplasm
97
Glossary: metaphase
second stage of mitosis, during which the nuclear envelope and nucleolus disappear
98
Glossary: microvillus
second stage of mitosis during which the nuclear envelope and nucleolus disappear pl. = microvilli
99
Glossary: mitochondrion
tiny membranous organelles where much of a cell's ATP is generated in the presence of oxygen pl= mitochondria
100
Glossary: mitosis
indirect cell division involving complex changes in the nucleus
101
Glossary: neoplasm
an abnormal mass of proliferating cells that may be either benign or malignant
102
Glossary: nuclear envelope
double membrane that surrounds the cell nucleus
103
Glossary: nucleoplasm
a special type of cytoplasm found in the nucleus
103
Glossary: nucleolus
critical to protein formation because it 'programs' the formation of ribosomes in the nucleus
104
Glossary: nucleus
spherical structure within a cell; a group of neuron cell bodies in the brain or spinal cord; central core of the atom, made up of protons and (sometimes) neutrons
105
Glossary: organelle
cell organ; for ex. the ribosome
106
Glossary: osmosis
type of passive movement of water (only) through a semipermeable membrane
107
Glossary: passive transport
cellular process in which substances move through a cellular membrane with their own energy
108
Glossary: phagocytosis
ingestion and digestion of particles by a cell
109
Glossary: phospholipid
phosphate-containing lipid molecule found in cell membranes; one end of the molecule is water-soluble and the other end is lipid-soluble
110
Glossary: pinocytosis
the Active transport mechanism used to transfer fluids or dissolved substances into cells
111
Glossary: plasma membrane
membrane that separates the contents of a cell from the tissue fluid; encloses the cytoplasm and forms the outer boundary of the cell
112
Glossary: goblet cells
mucus producing cells
113
Glossary: RNA (ribonucleic acid)
a nucleic acid found in the cytoplasm that is crucial to protein synthesis
113
Glossary: prophase
first stage of mitosis during which chromosomes become visible
114
Glossary: ribosome
organelle in the cytoplasm of cells that synthesizes proteins; also known as a protein factory
115
Glossary: semipermeable
adjective used to describe a membrane that allows only certain substances to move through (permeate) it; compare to selectively permeable
116
Glossary: NaK pump
a system of coupled ion pumps that actively transports sodium ions out of a cell and K ions into the cell at the same time; found in all living cells; also called the Na-K pump
117
Glossary: solute
substance that dissolves into another substance; ie. in saltwater the salt is the solute dissolved in water
118
Glossary: spindle fiber
a network of tubules formed in the cytoplasm between the centrioles as they are moving away from each other
119
Glossary: stem cell
ancestor cell that has the ability to maintain a constant population of newly differentiating cells
120
Glossary: telophase
last stage of mitosis in which the cell divides
121
Glossary: transcription
occurs when the double-stranded DNA molecules unwind and form mRNA
122
Glossary: transfer RNA (tRNA)
RNA involved with protein synthesis; tRNA molecules carry amino acids to the ribosome for placement in the sequence prescribed by mRNA
123
Glossary: translation
the synthesis of a protein by ribosomes
124
Glossary: transport process
process of carrying materials within the body, often across membranes and within fluids
125
Glossary: vesicle
any tiny membranous bubble within a cell
