module 14- metabolic integration

Question 1

3 stores of fuel

Answer 1

glycogen, triacylglycerol & protein

Question 2

where are glycogen stores present

Answer 2

liver & muscle, 1 day of energy

Question 3

where are triacylglycerol stores present

Answer 3

adipose tissue & liver

Question 4

where are proteins stored

Answer 4

muscle, 20 days of energy

Question 5

liver function

Answer 5

produce fuel from nutrients in blood, act as glucose sensor

Question 6

FA taken up by the liver can be broken for energy through ( )

Answer 6

b-oxidation

Question 7

what is the major fuel used by the liver to meet its own energy needs

Answer 7

FA

Question 8

T or F: GLUT2 in liver has high Km for glucose

Answer 8

T

Question 9

T or F: glucose uptake in the liver is increased when glucose levels are

Answer 9

high

Question 10

glucokinase

Answer 10

hexokinase isoform, only active when glucose levels rise

Question 11

what does glycogen phosphorylase a do in the liver

Answer 11

degrades glycogen

Question 12

muscle energy needs at rest vs exertion

Answer 12

rest- FA
exertion- glucose, produces lactate, muscle protein

Question 13

what is the largest storage compartment

Answer 13

adipose tissue

Question 14

how long can glycogen vs triacylglycerol stores provide energy for

Answer 14

glycogen- 24 hours
TAG- several months

Question 15

where does glycerol-3-P for TAG synthesis in adipose tissue come from

Answer 15

glycolysis

Question 16

what % of glucose does the brain consume?

Answer 16

60%

Question 17

what does the brain use for fuel under normal conditions?

Answer 17

glucose, or ketone bodies if sparse

Question 18

why can the brain not use FA as energy?

Answer 18

bound to albumin, cannot cross the blood brain barrier

Question 19

what does insulin stimulate? how?

Answer 19

glucose uptake into adipose & muscle using translocation

Question 20

how does insulin increase glucose uptake in the liver

Answer 20

stimulating glucokinase

Question 21

insulin stimulates glycogen synthesis in liver & muscle by activating ( ) & inhibiting ( )

Answer 21

glycogen synthase, glycogen phosphorylase

Question 22

glucagon effect on liver & adipose reflects the role to () blood glucose level so brain has adequate supply

Answer 22

increase

Question 23

how does glucagon stimulate FA mobilization

Answer 23

stimulating hormone-sensitive lipase

Question 24

what 2 things do glucagon inhibit

Answer 24

glycogen synthesis & glycolysis

Question 25

what is the 1 thing insulin inhibits

Answer 25

lipolysis

Question 26

what are the 2 things epinephrine inhibits

Answer 26

glycolysis in liver & glycogen synthesis

Question 27

3 things that occur during the early phase of starvation

Answer 27

insulin drops, glucagon levels rise & gluconeogenesis & glycogen breakdown is stimulated from increase glycogen

Question 28

what 2 things occurs during mid phase starvation

Answer 28

muscle protein starts degrading & glucagon stimulates ketone body synthesis in the liver brain derives 1/3 of its energy from ketone bodies

Question 29

what 3 things occurs during the late phase of starvation

Answer 29

adipose tissue provides most of energy, muscle protein degradation slows & ketone body production increases brain derives 2/3 of energy from ketone bodies

Question 30

type 1 diabetes

Answer 30

insulin-dependent, birth

Question 31

type 2 diabetes

Answer 31

insulin-independent, later in life

Question 32

type 1 diabetes have ( ) blood glucose levels but act body acts like they are ( )

Answer 32

high, low

Question 33

starvation in the midst of the plenty

Answer 33

type 1

Question 34

lack of glucose uptake in type 1 results in reduction of

Answer 34

glycerol-3-P

Question 35

what type of diabetes is ketoacidosis seen with ( ) and what does it do

Answer 35

type 1, excess ketone bodies form acetone

Question 36

T or F: diabetes causes increased urination but starvation does not

Answer 36

T

Question 37

diabetes mellitus

Answer 37

honey sweet urine

Question 38

polydypsia

Answer 38

excessive thirst

Question 39

ketogenesis

Answer 39

ketone bodies are synthesized in liver from acetyl CoA

Question 40

T or F: liver can convert FA to glucose via gluconeogenesis when blood glucose levels are low

Answer 40

F