Module 1- basics of metabolism

Question 1

metabolism definition

Answer 1

enzyme catalyzed chemical reactions that occur in a cell to obtain energy or synthesize biomolecules

Question 2

catabolism

Answer 2

breakdown biomolecules to produce ATP

Question 3

Anabolism

Answer 3

synthesis of biomolecules that require an input of energy

Question 4

metabolism is the sum of..

Answer 4

anabolism & catabolism

Question 5

intermediate definition

Answer 5

produced then consumed

Question 6

phosphoryl-transfer potential definition

Answer 6

tendency of phosphorylated molecule to under go hydrolysis

Question 7

what are the 4 functions of metabolism

Answer 7

1) obtain ATP
2) convert ingested molecules into larger molecules
3) convert small building blocks into larger molecules
4) synthesize & degrade biomolecules

Question 8

what are amphibolic pathways

Answer 8

pathways that can function anabolically & catabolically

Question 9

example of amphibolic pathway

Answer 9

citric acid cycle

Question 10

3 types of metabolic pathways

Answer 10

linear, branched & circular

Question 11

the 1st committed step (1st reaction) in a pathway is usually a…

Answer 11

point of regulation

Question 12

phototrophs

Answer 12

use photosynthesis to convert sunlight into chemical form

Question 13

chemotrophs

Answer 13

obtain energy in form of ATP via oxidation of carbon fuels

Question 14

3 reasons why living organisms require a continual input of free energy

Answer 14

1) mechanical work
2) active transport
3) synthesis of biomolecules

Question 15

T or F: enzymes speed up rate of reaction but do not change equilibrium constant & cannot make unfavourable reaction proceed

Answer 15

T

Question 16

Spontaneous vs non-spontaneous reaction (G, exergonic/endergonic, energy input)

Answer 16

spontaneous -G is negative, exergonic, doesn’t require energy input

non-spontaneous- G is positive, endergonic, requires energy input

Question 17

exergonic vs endergonic

Answer 17

exergonic- release energy
endergonic- consume energy

Question 18

what 2 things does ΔG determine?

Answer 18

1) if a reaction will occur spontaneously or not
2) rate at which reaction proceeds

Question 19

what is ΔG°’

Answer 19

standard free energy at pH 7

Question 20

what is ΔG°’ equation?

Answer 20

ΔG°’ = -2.3RT log Keq

Question 21

how are thermodynamically unfavourable processes possible?

Answer 21

coupling

Question 22

if Keq <1 then G will be…

Answer 22

positive value

Question 23

what type of high energy bonds do ATP have?

Answer 23

acid anhydride

Question 24

T or F: equilibriate extracellular & biomolecules of the cell is not a function of metabolism

Answer 24

T

Question 25

redox vs oxidation reactions

Answer 25

oxidation- loss of electrons (becomes more positive) redox- gain of electrons (becomes more negative) - H is produced

Question 26

3 active carrier types

Answer 26

1) electrons for fuel oxidation 2) electrons for biosynthesis 3) two-carbon fragments

Question 27

T or F: ATP is an intermediate among biologically phosphorylated molecules

Answer 27

T

Question 28

what drives ATP synthesis?

Answer 28

transmembrane proton-motive force

Question 29

what occurs during hydrolysis reaction

Answer 29

cleaving of ATP which releases energy

Question 30

3 ways metabolism is regulated

Answer 30

1) amount of enzyme 2) enzyme activity 3) availability of substrates

Question 31

T or F: the oxidation of fuel molecules forms ATP from ADP + Pi

Answer 31

T

Question 32

ATP hydrolysis reaction

Answer 32

ATP -> ADP + Pi

Question 33

what is always the end point of oxidation

Answer 33

ATP

Question 34

4 factors that affect product/reactant stability

Answer 34

1) electrostatic repulsion 2) resonance stabilization 3) increase in entropy 4) stabilization from hydration

Question 35

is ATP hydrolysis exergonic or endogonic?

Answer 35

exergonic

Question 36

functional roles of ATP, NAD & FAD in metabolic processes

Answer 36

ATP- energy currency FAD- carrier that allows FADH2 to be produced for ATP synthesis NAD- carrier that allows NADH to be produced for oxidative phosphorylation

Question 37

how much ATP is consumed per day?

Answer 37

80kg

Question 38

how much ATP is consumed per minute during exercise

Answer 38

500g

Question 39

what are the 2 activated carriers for fuel oxidation?

Answer 39

NAD & FAD

Question 40

NADH is used for generation of ( ) while NADPH is used for ( )

Answer 40

ATP, biosynthesis

Question 41

NAD+ to NADH + H is a ( ) reaction

Answer 41

redox