Module 19: Fluid, Electrolyte, & Acid-Base Balance Flashcards Preview

Anatomy And Physiology Part 2 > Module 19: Fluid, Electrolyte, & Acid-Base Balance > Flashcards

Flashcards in Module 19: Fluid, Electrolyte, & Acid-Base Balance Deck (37)
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1
Q

Extracellular means

A

all of the fluid that resides outside the cells

2
Q

Intracellular fluid means

A

Fluid inside the cell (most of the body is water resides inside cells)

3
Q

What is transcellular fluid?

A

Miscellaneous extracellular fluid that includes cerebrospinal fluid, synovial fluid in the joints, vitreous and aqueous humors of the eye, and digestive secretions

4
Q

If the concentration of electrolytes (therefore the osmolarity) of tissue fluid rises, water moves…

A

Out of the cells and into the tissues

5
Q

If the osmolarity of tissue fluid falls, water moves…

A

Out of the tissues and into cells

6
Q

What mainly determines the amount and direction of flow of fluid?

A

The concentration of solutes (particularly electrolytes) within each compartment

7
Q

What is osmolarity?

A

The concentration of a solution expressed as the total number of solute particles per litre

8
Q

What affects osmolarity?

A

Changes in water content, temperature and pressure

9
Q

What are the mechanisms that increase fluid intake?

A
  1. Physical changes stimulate the thirst center in the hypothalamus.
  2. Salivation decreases, causing dry mouth and thirst.
  3. Water consumption occurs
10
Q

What are the mechanisms to decrease output?

A
  1. Physical changes stimulate the hypothalamus.
  2. This stimulates the posterior pituitary to secrete antidiuretic hormone (ADH).
  3. ADH prompts the kidneys to reabsorb water and produce less urine.
  4. Fluid loss slows until water is ingested
11
Q

What effect does antidiuretic hormone (ADH) have on the body?

A

Prompts the kidneys to reabsorb more water

12
Q

Disorders of water balance can result from an abnormality in

A

Fluid volume
Fluid concentration
Distribution of fluid between compartments

13
Q

When blood volume and pressure are too high, or blood osmolarity is too low, the hypothalamus inhibits the release of

A

ADH (This causes the renal tubule’s to reabsorb less water, leading to an increased urine output a decline in total body water)

14
Q

Volume depletion results from

A

Blood loss or the loss of both water and sodium

15
Q

Dehydration results when

A

The body eliminates more water than sodium

16
Q

How do the kidneys usually compensate for excessive fluid intake?

A

By producing more urine

17
Q

Fluid accumulation involves

A

The accumulation of fluid between compartments

18
Q

Edema occurs when

A

Fluid accumulates in interstitial spaces, causing tissues to swell

19
Q

What is the main electrolyte in extracellular fluid?

A

Sodium

20
Q

What electrolyte determines the volume of total body water and influences how body water is distributed between fluid compartments?

A

Sodium

21
Q

Sodium levels are primarily regulated by what 2 hormones? What do they adjust?

A

Aldosterone - Adjust the excretion of sodium

ADH - Adjust the excretion of water

22
Q

If serum Na+ (water excess) is low, serum osmolarity is low, although strong prompts what To reabsorb Na+

A

Renal tubules

23
Q

Once the renal tubule‘s reabsorb Na+ , What hormone release is suppressed, causing the kidneys to secrete more water?

A

ADH

24
Q

Hypernatremia Refers to a plasma sodium concentration greater than 146 mEq/l. It usually indicates a

A

Water deficit

25
Q

If and corrected, hypernatremia can cause

A

Edema, lethargy, and weakness

26
Q

Hyponatremia refers to a plasma sodium concentration of less than 139 mEq/l. It usually results from

A

An excess of body water

27
Q

Uncorrected, hyponatremia can result in

A

Pulmonary or cerebral edema as fluid moves into cells

28
Q

What electrolyte is the chief cation of intracellular fluid?

A

Potassium

29
Q

Hyperkalemia refers to a plasma concentration of K+ high. What effect does Hyperkalemia have on nerve and muscle cells?

A

Makes nerve and muscle cells irritable, leading to potentially fatal cardiac arrhythmias

30
Q

Hypokalemia refers to a plasma concentration of K+ low. It results in

A

Muscle weakness, depressed reflexes, and cardiac arrhythmias

31
Q

Besides strengthening bones, calcium plays a key role in what other 3 things?

A

Muscle contraction, nerve transmission, and blood clotting

32
Q

Hypercalcemia inhibits

A

Depolarization of nerve and muscle cells

33
Q

Hypocalcemia Increases…

A

Excitation of nerves and muscles

34
Q

Why are electrolytes important?

A

Electrolytes allow the nervous system to conduct charges which the body needs to function properly

35
Q

The pH of blood and tissue fluid ranges from

A

7.35 to 7.45

36
Q

Chloride, the most abundant extracellular anion, is strongly linked to sodium. What is its role?

A

Contributes to the formation of stomach acid and also helps regulate fluid balance and pH

37
Q

The pH of a solution is determined by

A

It’s concentration of hydrogen ions