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CFS-6300 Integrative Anatomy, Neurology, Histology, & Embryology > Module 1A & 1B: Heart & Lungs Anatomy > Flashcards

Module 1A & 1B: Heart & Lungs Anatomy Flashcards

(93 cards)

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1
Q

What are the two main divisions of the respiratory tract?

A

Upper respiratory tract and Lower respiratory tract

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2
Q

List the components of the upper respiratory tract.

A
  • Nose
  • Nasal cavities
  • Sinuses
  • Pharynx
  • Larynx (down to vocal folds)
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3
Q

What components make up the lower respiratory tract?

A
  • Larynx (lower/below vocal folds)
  • Trachea
  • Bronchi
  • Bronchioles
  • Alveoli
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4
Q

Define the term ‘alveoli’ in the context of the respiratory system.

A

Air sacs where gas exchange occurs

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5
Q

What forms the skeleton of the external nose?

A
  • Nasal bones
  • Lateral nasal cartilages
  • Greater alar cartilages
  • Lesser alar cartilages
  • Septal cartilage
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6
Q

The choanae are openings into which part of the respiratory system?

A

Nasopharynx

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7
Q

Fill in the blank: The nasal cavity extends from external nares to _______.

A

[choanae]

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8
Q

What are the three types of conchae in the lateral nasal wall?

A
  • Inferior concha
  • Middle concha
  • Superior concha
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9
Q

True or False: The inferior meatus receives the ostium of the nasolacrimal duct.

A

True

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10
Q

What is the function of Kieselbach’s Plexus?

A

It is a blood supply network in the nose.

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11
Q

List the four paired paranasal sinuses.

A
  • Frontal
  • Ethmoid
  • Sphenoid
  • Maxillary
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12
Q

What is the primary function of the nasopharynx?

A

Connects internal nares to the soft palate.

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13
Q

What structure is located at the bifurcation of the trachea?

A

Carina

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14
Q

What is the length and diameter of the trachea?

A

4-5 inches in length, ~1 inch in diameter

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15
Q

True or False: The primary bronchi are shorter and wider on the left side.

A

False

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16
Q

What are the three types of bronchial divisions?

A
  • Primary (main/1˚)
  • Secondary (lobar/2˚)
  • Tertiary (segmental/3˚)
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17
Q

What is the pleural cavity?

A

Potential space between parietal pleura and visceral pleura

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18
Q

What are the two types of pleural recesses?

A
  • Costodiaphragmatic (costophrenic)
  • Costomediastinal
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19
Q

Define the term ‘cupula’ in relation to the lungs.

A

Parietal pleura extending over the apex of the lung

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20
Q

What is the main function of the diaphragm in respiration?

A

Primary muscle for breathing

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21
Q

Fill in the blank: The diaphragm is innervated by the _______ nerve.

A

[Phrenic nerve]

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22
Q

List the major apertures in the diaphragm and their corresponding vertebral levels.

A
  • T8: Hiatus for IVC
  • T10: Esophageal hiatus
  • T12: Aortic hiatus
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23
Q

What term describes normal, quiet breathing?

A

Eupnea

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24
Q

What muscles are involved in active/labored inspiration?

A
  • Scalenes
  • SCM
  • External intercostals
  • Serratus anterior
  • Pectoralis minor
  • Trapezius
  • Levator scapulae
  • Latissimus dorsi
  • Erector spinae group
  • QL
  • Serratus posterior superior
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25
What is the role of the pulmonary plexuses?
Innervate the lungs and bronchial tree
26
What is the function of the aorta?
To carry oxygenated blood to the body ## Footnote Part of the Systemic Circuit
27
At what level is the aortic arch located?
At the level of the sternal angle
28
What nerve passes in front, then under & behind the aorta?
Left recurrent laryngeal nerve
29
What does the inferior vena cava (IVC) carry?
Deoxygenated blood from the lower extremities and abdomen ## Footnote Part of the Systemic Circuit
30
What does the superior vena cava (SVC) carry?
Deoxygenated blood from the upper extremities, head, and thorax ## Footnote Part of the Systemic Circuit
31
What is the purpose of the pulmonary trunk?
To carry deoxygenated blood to the lungs ## Footnote Part of the Pulmonary Circuit
32
What connects the pulmonary trunk to the aortic arch?
Ligamentum arteriosum
33
What do pulmonary veins carry?
Oxygenated blood from the lungs ## Footnote Part of the Pulmonary Circuit
34
How many parts is the aorta divided into within the thorax?
Three parts
35
What are the three parts of the aorta in the thorax?
* Ascending aorta * Aortic arch * Descending thoracic aorta
36
What is the diameter and length of the ascending aorta?
~3 cm in diameter, 5-5.5 cm in length
37
What arteries originate from the ascending aorta?
* Left coronary artery * Right coronary artery
38
Where does the descending thoracic aorta extend from?
From the termination of the aortic arch at the level of the disc between T4/5 to the lower border of the body of T12
39
What are the visceral branches of the descending thoracic aorta?
* Pericardial aa * Bronchial aa * Esophageal aa * Mediastinal aa
40
What are the parietal branches of the descending thoracic aorta?
* Posterior intercostal aa * Subcostal aa * Superior phrenic aa
41
What is the relationship of the right pulmonary artery to the ascending aorta and SVC?
Runs posterior to the ascending aorta and SVC and anterior to the right bronchus
42
What does the left pulmonary artery branch into?
* Superior lobe of left lung * Inferior lobe of left lung
43
What forms the brachiocephalic veins?
Union of internal jugular and subclavian veins
44
What is the length of the right brachiocephalic vein?
~1 inch long
45
What tributaries are associated with the right brachiocephalic vein?
* Right vertebral vein * Right internal thoracic vein * Right inferior thyroid vein * Right 1st posterior intercostal vein
46
What is the length of the left brachiocephalic vein?
~2.4 inches long
47
What tributaries are associated with the left brachiocephalic vein?
* Left vertebral vein * Left internal thoracic vein * Left inferior thyroid vein * Left highest (superior) intercostal vein
48
Where does the azygos vein begin?
Opposite the 1st or 2nd lumbar vertebrae
49
What is the function of the hemiazygos vein?
Crosses over to azygos at T9, receives several left posterior intercostal veins
50
What do pulmonary veins return to the left atrium?
Oxygenated blood from the lungs
51
What are the divisions of the mediastinum?
* Superior mediastinum * Inferior mediastinum (which includes anterior, middle, and posterior mediastinum)
52
What structures are found in the superior mediastinum?
* Origins of sternohyoid and sternothyroid * Thymus gland * Proximal BCT, LCC, LSC aa * Upper half of SVC * Thoracic duct * Trachea * Esophagus
53
What are the borders of the anterior mediastinum?
* Superior: lower border of superior mediastinum * Inferior: diaphragm * Anterior: sternal body * Posterior: fibrous pericardium
54
What does the middle mediastinum contain?
* Pericardial sac and heart * Lower half of SVC * Pulmonary trunk * Origins of right and left pulmonary arteries
55
What structures are located in the posterior mediastinum?
* Descending thoracic aorta * Azygos vein * Hemiazygos vein * Thoracic duct
56
What are the borders of the posterior mediastinum?
* Superior: lower border of superior mediastinum * Inferior: diaphragm * Anterior: pericardial sac * Posterior: vertebral column
57
True or False: The left vagus nerve runs on the posterior surface of the esophagus.
False
58
True or False: The right vagus nerve runs posterior to the root of the right lung.
True
59
Fill in the blank: The _____ is a thick partition in the thorax bounded laterally by pleural sacs.
Mediastinum
60
What is the function of the aorta?
To carry oxygenated blood to the body ## Footnote Part of the Systemic Circuit
61
At what level is the aortic arch located?
At the level of the sternal angle
62
What nerve passes in front, then under & behind the aorta?
Left recurrent laryngeal nerve
63
What does the inferior vena cava (IVC) carry?
Deoxygenated blood from the lower extremities and abdomen ## Footnote Part of the Systemic Circuit
64
What does the superior vena cava (SVC) carry?
Deoxygenated blood from the upper extremities, head, and thorax ## Footnote Part of the Systemic Circuit
65
What is the purpose of the pulmonary trunk?
To carry deoxygenated blood to the lungs ## Footnote Part of the Pulmonary Circuit
66
What connects the pulmonary trunk to the aortic arch?
Ligamentum arteriosum
67
What do pulmonary veins carry?
Oxygenated blood from the lungs ## Footnote Part of the Pulmonary Circuit
68
How many parts is the aorta divided into within the thorax?
Three parts
69
What are the three parts of the aorta in the thorax?
* Ascending aorta * Aortic arch * Descending thoracic aorta
70
What is the diameter and length of the ascending aorta?
~3 cm in diameter, 5-5.5 cm in length
71
What arteries originate from the ascending aorta?
* Left coronary artery * Right coronary artery
72
Where does the descending thoracic aorta extend from?
From the termination of the aortic arch at the level of the disc between T4/5 to the lower border of the body of T12
73
What are the visceral branches of the descending thoracic aorta?
* Pericardial aa * Bronchial aa * Esophageal aa * Mediastinal aa
74
What are the parietal branches of the descending thoracic aorta?
* Posterior intercostal aa * Subcostal aa * Superior phrenic aa
75
What is the relationship of the right pulmonary artery to the ascending aorta and SVC?
Runs posterior to the ascending aorta and SVC and anterior to the right bronchus
76
What does the left pulmonary artery branch into?
* Superior lobe of left lung * Inferior lobe of left lung
77
What forms the brachiocephalic veins?
Union of internal jugular and subclavian veins
78
What is the length of the right brachiocephalic vein?
~1 inch long
79
What tributaries are associated with the right brachiocephalic vein?
* Right vertebral vein * Right internal thoracic vein * Right inferior thyroid vein * Right 1st posterior intercostal vein
80
What is the length of the left brachiocephalic vein?
~2.4 inches long
81
What tributaries are associated with the left brachiocephalic vein?
* Left vertebral vein * Left internal thoracic vein * Left inferior thyroid vein * Left highest (superior) intercostal vein
82
Where does the azygos vein begin?
Opposite the 1st or 2nd lumbar vertebrae
83
What is the function of the hemiazygos vein?
Crosses over to azygos at T9, receives several left posterior intercostal veins
84
What do pulmonary veins return to the left atrium?
Oxygenated blood from the lungs
85
What are the divisions of the mediastinum?
* Superior mediastinum * Inferior mediastinum (which includes anterior, middle, and posterior mediastinum)
86
What structures are found in the superior mediastinum?
* Origins of sternohyoid and sternothyroid * Thymus gland * Proximal BCT, LCC, LSC aa * Upper half of SVC * Thoracic duct * Trachea * Esophagus
87
What are the borders of the anterior mediastinum?
* Superior: lower border of superior mediastinum * Inferior: diaphragm * Anterior: sternal body * Posterior: fibrous pericardium
88
What does the middle mediastinum contain?
* Pericardial sac and heart * Lower half of SVC * Pulmonary trunk * Origins of right and left pulmonary arteries
89
What structures are located in the posterior mediastinum?
* Descending thoracic aorta * Azygos vein * Hemiazygos vein * Thoracic duct
90
What are the borders of the posterior mediastinum?
* Superior: lower border of superior mediastinum * Inferior: diaphragm * Anterior: pericardial sac * Posterior: vertebral column
91
True or False: The left vagus nerve runs on the posterior surface of the esophagus.
False
92
True or False: The right vagus nerve runs posterior to the root of the right lung.
True
93
Fill in the blank: The _____ is a thick partition in the thorax bounded laterally by pleural sacs.
Mediastinum

CFS-6300 Integrative Anatomy, Neurology, Histology, & Embryology (10 decks)

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