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CFS-6300 Integrative Anatomy, Neurology, Histology, & Embryology > Module 1D: Heart & Lungs Development > Flashcards

Module 1D: Heart & Lungs Development Flashcards

(68 cards)

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1
Q

What is the initial stage of heart development?

A

Formation of the heart tube

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2
Q

What are the three stages of heart formation?

A

Formation of the primitive heart tube, cardiac looping, cardiac septation

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3
Q

What is the function of the sinoatrial (SA) node?

A

Establishes the primary pacemaker in the right atrium

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4
Q

What is the role of the atrioventricular (AV) node?

A

Links atrial and ventricular conduction

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5
Q

What are the two methods of septum formation in the heart?

A
  • Cushion Tissue Fusion
  • Tissue Growth and Fusion
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6
Q

What is the embryonic period for the development of the cardiovascular system?

A

3-8 weeks

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7
Q

What are the three germ layers involved in the development of tissues and organs?

A
  • Ectoderm
  • Mesoderm
  • Endoderm
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8
Q

What is the primary heart field (PHF)?

A

Part of the invaginating epiblast during gastrulation that differentiates and migrates through the mesodermal layer

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9
Q

What is vasculogenesis?

A

Formation of blood vessels from blood islands

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10
Q

What is angiogenesis?

A

Formation of new blood vessels from existing vessels

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11
Q

What is the significance of the cardiac jelly?

A

Regulates cell shape, migration, proliferation, and differentiation of heart cells

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12
Q

Fill in the blank: The heart tube consists of three layers: Endocardium, Myocardium, and _______.

A

Epicardium

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13
Q

What is the role of the mesodermal germ layer in blood vessel formation?

A

Forms blood and blood vessels from the lateral plate mesoderm

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14
Q

What are the two types of mesodermal structures formed during gastrulation?

A
  • Paraxial mesoderm
  • Lateral plate mesoderm
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15
Q

True or False: The heart is considered the first functional organ system in a developing embryo.

A

True

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16
Q

What is the significance of the interatrial septum?

A

Divides the primitive atrium into right and left atria, forming the foramen ovale

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17
Q

What happens to the septa after birth?

A

They fuse, forming the fossa ovale

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18
Q

What is the process of cardiac looping essential for?

A

Formation of part of the right ventricle and the outflow tract region

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19
Q

What are hemangioblasts?

A

Cells that differentiate from mesenchymal cells in the visceral/splanchnic mesoderm to form blood islands

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20
Q

What is the role of the endocardial cushion?

A

Assists in the formation of the septum intermedium and atrioventricular valves

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21
Q

What is the fate of hematopoietic stem cells after 7 months of gestation?

A

Move to the bone marrow

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22
Q

What is the primary organization of the heart during its development?

A

It is formed from the primary heart field and secondary heart field

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23
Q

What is the primitive heart tube initially attached to?

A

The dorsal side of the pericardial cavity by a fold of mesodermal tissue

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24
Q

What is the role of specialized cardiomyocytes?

A

Control the rhythmic beating of the heart

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25
What structures grow to form the interventricular septum?
Endocardial cushions ## Footnote Endocardial cushions play a crucial role in the division of the heart chambers during development.
26
What is the aperture left by the septum primum called?
Foramen primum ## Footnote The foramen primum is an important feature in fetal heart development.
27
What is the foramen secundum?
A secondary opening formed in the septum primum during atrial septation ## Footnote This allows for right-to-left shunting of blood in the fetus.
28
What does the septum secundum form?
Foramen ovale ## Footnote The foramen ovale is a critical structure that allows blood flow from the right atrium to the left atrium in the fetal heart.
29
What is the function of the spiral valve?
Guides blood flow in the heart ## Footnote The spiral valve helps in the proper separation of systemic and pulmonary circulation.
30
What are the adult derivatives of the truncus arteriosus?
Ascending aorta and pulmonary trunk ## Footnote These structures are crucial for systemic and pulmonary circulation.
31
What does the conus cordis give rise to?
Outflow tracts of the right and left ventricles ## Footnote The conus cordis is derived from the bulbus cordis during heart development.
32
What is the adult derivative of the primitive ventricle?
Trabeculated (muscular) part of the left ventricle ## Footnote This muscular structure is essential for effective cardiac contraction.
33
What does the primitive atrium develop into?
Trabeculated parts (auricles) of both atria ## Footnote The auricles enhance the capacity of the atria.
34
What does the right horn of the sinus venosus become?
Smooth part of the right atrium (sinus venarum) ## Footnote This structure is integral to the right atrium's function.
35
What does the left horn of the sinus venosus become?
Coronary sinus ## Footnote The coronary sinus collects deoxygenated blood from the heart muscle.
36
What happens if the foramen ovale fails to seal completely after birth?
Patent Foramen Ovale (PFO) occurs ## Footnote PFO can lead to right-to-left shunting and complications like stroke.
37
What are potential consequences of Atrial Septal Defects (ASDs)?
Increased pulmonary blood flow, right atrial and ventricular enlargement, pulmonary hypertension, heart failure ## Footnote Untreated ASDs can significantly impact heart function.
38
What congenital heart defect involves both aorta and pulmonary artery arising from the right ventricle?
Double Outlet Right Ventricle (DORV) ## Footnote DORV is a serious condition that requires surgical intervention.
39
What closes the ductus arteriosus after birth?
Muscular contraction of its wall ## Footnote This closure redirects blood flow to the lungs for oxygenation.
40
What does the ductus venosus become after closure?
Ligamentum venosum ## Footnote This remnant redirects blood through the liver postnatally.
41
Fill in the blank: The umbilical arteries become _______ after birth.
medial umbilical ligaments ## Footnote The distal portions of the umbilical arteries constrict and form ligaments.
42
What is the function of the umbilical vein during fetal circulation?
Carries oxygenated blood from placenta to fetus ## Footnote This is vital for fetal development as it provides necessary oxygen.
43
What happens to the foramen ovale after birth?
Closes functionally at birth due to pressure changes ## Footnote The closure is essential for normal postnatal circulation.
44
What are the two mechanisms of blood vessel development?
* Vasculogenesis * Angiogenesis ## Footnote These processes are crucial for the formation of the vascular system.
45
What role does Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF) play in vascular development?
Guidance cues for blood vessel formation ## Footnote VEGF is essential for both vasculogenesis and angiogenesis.
46
What is the primary function of the respiratory system?
Air distributor and gas exchanger ## Footnote The respiratory system allows oxygen and carbon dioxide waste to be removed from the body’s cells through circulating blood.
47
What structures are involved in the development of the respiratory system?
* Lung-bud formation * Trachea- bronchi * Pleural cavity * Maturation of lungs * Development of the Alveolar sacs * Changes during and after birth
48
True or False: The alveoli serve as air distributors.
False ## Footnote All parts of the respiratory system function as air distributors except alveoli, which serve as gas exchangers.
49
What are the lobes of the left lung?
* Superior * Inferior
50
What are the lobes of the right lung?
* Superior * Middle * Inferior
51
What is the embryonic origin of the respiratory system?
* Endoderm * Mesoderm * Ectoderm
52
What are the two layers of the lateral plate mesoderm?
* Somatic/ Parietal mesoderm * Visceral/ Splanchnic mesoderm
53
Fill in the blank: The laryngeal orifice forms between the pharynx and the developing _______.
[trachea]
54
What does the visceral mesoderm form in lung development?
Cartilage, muscular, and connective tissue of the lungs
55
What is the significance of the tracheoesophageal septum?
It separates the trachea from the esophagus during development.
56
List the stages of lung maturation.
* Embryonic (Weeks 4–7) * Pseudoglandular (Weeks 5–17) * Canalicular (Weeks 16–25) * Saccular (Weeks 24–birth) * Terminal Sac/Alveolar (Week 36–8 years)
57
What occurs during the Pseudoglandular stage?
Airways branch and grow, but no structures for breathing are developed yet.
58
What is the role of surfactant in the alveoli?
Reduces surface tension and the risk of alveolar collapse.
59
True or False: Type II pneumocytes begin producing surfactant during the Terminal Saccular period.
True
60
What happens to the size of alveoli after birth?
Alveoli size increases slightly.
61
Fill in the blank: The space between the two layers of the lateral plate mesoderm becomes the _______.
[intraembryonic body cavity]
62
What is the primary role of the respiratory system in relation to the circulatory system?
Allows oxygen and carbon dioxide exchange.
63
What is the importance of the blood-air barrier?
It permits gas exchange between blood and alveoli.
64
What anatomical feature separates the superior and middle lobes of the right lung?
Horizontal fissure
65
What structures contribute to the cartilages and muscles of the larynx?
Mesenchyme from the fourth and sixth pharyngeal arches
66
What are the main components of the respiratory diverticulum?
Lung-bud formation
67
How many tertiary bronchi are present in the right lung?
8 tertiary bronchi
68
What is the fate of the endodermal germ layer during development?
Forms the epithelial lining of larynx, trachea, bronchi, and lung.

CFS-6300 Integrative Anatomy, Neurology, Histology, & Embryology (10 decks)

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