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A-Level Biology > Module 1Aa - Carbohydrates > Flashcards

Module 1Aa - Carbohydrates Flashcards

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1
Q

(2)

What are monosaccharides?

A
  • SINGLE SUGAR MONOMERS
  • that make up carbohydrates

they are the simplest carbohydrates

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2
Q

(1)

What’s the general formula of a monosaccharide?

A

(CH2O)n

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3
Q

(2)

A monosaccharide has 4 carbon atoms.
a) What is its formula?
b) Hence, what’s the name of the monosaccharide?

A

a) C4H8O4
b) Threose

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4
Q

(3)

Give three hexose monosaccahrides.

A
  • Fructose
  • Galactose
  • Glucose
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5
Q

(1)

When glucose monomers are bonded to each other it forms an…

A

AMYLOSE (starch).

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6
Q

(6)

How is glucose adapted for its role?

A
  • It is small
  • so it is easy to get transported across CARRIER PROTEINS, in and out of cells.
  • It is very soluble
  • easily travels in body
  • Not very reactive
  • Breakdown MUST BE catalysed
  • hence CONTROLLED by enzymes
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7
Q

(2)

Isomers are molecules that have the same…

A
  • Chemical formula
  • but different ARRANGEMENT of atoms
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8
Q

(3)

Give some isomers of glucose and explain why that is.

A

Isomers of glucose(1):
- Alpha glucose
- Beta glucose

WHY THEM(2)?:
- same chemical formula
- Changes in ONE of the HYDROXYL( -OH) group.

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9
Q

(1)

How can one make different polysaccharides?

A

By varying the amount of ALPHA glucose or BETA glucose.

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10
Q

(2)

Where can ribose sugars be founded?

A
  • RNA
  • ATP
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11
Q

(2)

Give two properties of disaccharides.

A
  • Soluble
  • Sweet taste
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12
Q

(1)

2 alpha glucose monosaccharides make a disaccharide called…

A

Maltose!

Enegy source in germinating seeds

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13
Q

(1)

An alpha glucose monomer and a fructose monomer make a disaccharide.

What is the name of this disaccharide?

A

Sucrose.

Transported in the phloem

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14
Q

(2)

An alpha glucose monomer and a galacatose monomer make a lactose disaccharide.

Explain why some people are lactose intolerant.

A
  • Lactose bigger than monosaccharides
  • Hence, some people may not be able to take this dissaccharide in properly.

Energy source in milk

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15
Q

In a condensation reaction of two monosaccharides, what is the bond required to form a disaccharide?

A

Glycosidic bonds

(they are a type of covalent bond)

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16
Q

(2)

What is a polysaccharide?

A
  • A complex structure of a carbohydrate
  • bonded from MANY monosaccharides.
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17
Q

(1)

What are the generic polymers of carbohydrates consisting of more than 10 monosaccharides called?

A

TRUE POLYSACCHARIDES

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18
Q

(2)

What is an oligosaccharide?

A
  • A polysaccharide containing LESS THAN 10
  • MONOSACCHARIDES bonded to each other
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19
Q

(2)

How are polysaccharides formed?

Study These Flashcards
A
  • Bonding together many monosaccharides
  • through MULTIPLE condensation reactions
20
Q

(2)

Explain why polysaccharides aren’t sugars.

Study These Flashcards
A

They are:
- NOT sweet-tasting
- NOT soluble.

21
Q

(2)

What monosaccharides are required as energy for respiration?

Study These Flashcards
A

Alpha glucose

22
Q

(3)

How does a polysaccharide form when we eat sugary foods?

Study These Flashcards
A
  • Sugary foods contain a high concentration of alpha-glucose monosaccharides
  • They diffuse into the liver
  • storing it as EXCESS chemical energy
  • in the form of a polysaccharide of alpha-glucose (Glycogen)
23
Q

(8)

Explain how polysaccharides of alpha glucose are well suited for energy storage.

Study These Flashcards
A
  • It is compact
  • so a LOT of energy can be stored in a SMALL SPACE.
  • Insoluble in water
  • Doesn’t affect the WATER POTENTIAL of a cell’s structure
  • Large molecules
  • so don’t diffuse out of the cell.
  • Can be easily hydrolysed
  • to form alpha-glucose monomers.
24
Q

(1)

What is a significant polysaccharide in plants?

25
# (2) Where is starch found in plants?
- Photosynthesising cells in leaves - Storage cells in leaves and storage organs.
26
# (1) In a plant cell, which organelle is starch stored in?
Amyloplasts
27
# (2) What's an important function of storage organs in plants?
- contains MULTIPLE AMYLOPLASTS - to PROVIDE ENERGY
28
# (2) What polysaccharides is starch made up of?
- Amylose - Amylopectin
29
# (3) Give some features of amylose.
- Has 1,4 glycosidic bonds - Has 2 accessible ends to bond to other polysaccharides. - Broken down slowly
30
# (3) Give some features of amylopectin
- Has 1,4 and 1,6 glycosidic bonds - Has multiple accessible ends - Broken down quickly.
31
# (3) Give some features of glycogen
- Has multiple accisible ends - Has MORE 1,6 glycosidic bonds than 1,4 glycosidic bonds - Can be rapidly HYDROLYSED into alpha glucose.
32
# (1) What are the monomers of cellulose?
Beta glucose
33
# (1) Cellulose have 1,4 glycosidic bonds that can flip the molecular structure of...
beta glucose molecules.
34
# (3) Why does cellulose have a inverted?
- To maintain a straight structure - Able to line up parallel to each other - Have many hydroxyl groups closer to each other.
35
# (3) Explain how when hydroxyl groups are adjacent, they form hydrogen bonds.
- Hydrogen atom is delta positive - Oxygen atom is delta negative - Opposite polarities attract - A hydrogen bond forms
36
# (5) Explain how cellulose is a strong polysaccharide.
- Polysaccharides are polymers of carbohydrates - There are multiple strong hydrogen bonds - between DIFFERENT POLARITIES of hydrogen and oxygen atoms - These form cross-links that are hard to break - as a lot of energy is required to break the STRONG ELECTROSTATIC FORCES of cellulose.
37
# (1) Many cellulose chains form...
STRONGER fibres.
38
# (2) Beta cellulose chains -->
Microfibrilis ---> Macrofibrilis
39
# (4) Explain why cellulose is not easily digestable.
- Cellulose has multiple chains - that form STRONG FIBRES - containing MULTIPLE CROSS LINKS - which are hard to break via HYDROLYSIS.
40
# (1) What is the enzyme required to break the 1,4 glycosidic bonds of beta glucose molecules of cellulose?
CELLULASE
41
# (2) Chitin is a polyssacharide found in which organisms?
- FUNGI - INSECTS
42
In plant cells cellulose strengthens the cell wall. In fungal cells, what does chitin do?
Strengthen the cell wall.
43
# (2) Give two functions of chitin in insects.
- Strengthens their EXOSKELETON - Chitin is waterproof so prevents WATER LOSS.
44
# (3) How does the skeletal structure of chitin differ to cellulose
- Chitin have acetylamine groups - bonded to the SECOND CARBON - of a beta-glucose MONOSACCHARIDE
45
# (2) Give two similarities of cellulose and chitin
- Both have an uncoiled structure - Both form stronger fibres

A-Level Biology (4 decks)

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