Module 2 Flashcards
What are the steps of the Quantitative research process?
- Phenomenon
- Literature Research
- Hypothesis
- Data collection
- Statistical Analysis
- Answer Hypothesis
What are the steps of the Qualitative Research process?
-Phenomenon
- Research Question
- Data Collection
- Data Analysis and than either:
after data analysis you might go back to step 1
Then:
Discover new phenomena
Build theory to explain phenomena
Contextualize theory
Give 5 examples of Qualitative Research Methods
- Biographical Research
- Grounded Theory
- Ethnography
- Case Study
- Action Research
What is the focus, data collection method, data analysis and presentation of Grounded Theory?
Focus:
Generate NEW theory, new theoretical constructions or models that are grounded in DATA (rather than literature)
Data Collection:
Interviews
Data Analysis:
Open, axial, and selective coding
Presentation:
Theory or a theoretical Model
What is the focus, data collection method, data analysis and presentation of Ethnography?
Focus:
A study of cultures, cultural influences or cultural meanings
Data Collection:
Observations and interviews over long time
Data Analysis:
Describe analysis, interpretation
Presentation:
Description of cultural behavior
What is the focus, data collection method, data analysis and presentation of Case Study?
Focus:
In depth, very detailed analysis of one or a few selected cases
Data Collection:
Several sources
Data Analysis:
Description, patterns, relationship between concepts
Presentation:
In Depth study of one or multiple cases
What is the focus, data collection method, data analysis and presentation of Action Research?
Action research is a cyclical process focused on observing, identifying problem, taking action and then repeating the process
Focus:
Develop practical interventions with scientific relevance in collaboration with practitioners
Data Collection:
Interactions, several sources
Data Analysis:
Description, topics, processes, interpretations
Presentation:
Contribution to practice and theory
What is the focus, data collection method, data analysis and presentation of Biographical Research?
Focus:
To research the life of an individual
Data Collection:
Primarily interviews and documents
Data Analysis:
Story, events, historical contexts
Presentation:
Detailed imagery of someone’s life
What are the 3 types of data sources?
- Extant (existing)
- Elicited (derived from the interviewees)
- Enacted (derived together with participants)
Describe the nature of Extant Data Source
Data that was not specifically developed for the research study.
i.e. archives, recordings, documents, datasets, unobtrusive observation
Describe the nature of Elicited Data Source
Data generated through probing or questioning of the researcher
i.e. interviews, focus groups, written interviews, participant observation
Describe the nature of Enacted Data Source
Data that was generated together with study participants
i.e. workshops, scenario, role play
What is the role of the researcher in the Extant, Elicited and Enacted data source types?
- Extant:
No direct contact with individual participants - Elicited:
Interaction between researcher and participants - Enacted:
Collaboration between researcher and participants
What are the 4 data collection methods?
- Interview
verbal and body language - Focus Groups
verbal and body language - Observation
gestures, social interactions - Content analysis
personal documents, printed materials, archival data, etc.
Give examples of data of each of the 4 data collection methods
- Interview:
a person’s explanation about their behavior, motivations, or opinions - Focus Groups:
The way groups interact with each other and their collective views - Observation:
The way two people interact with each other - Content Analysis:
Emails, reports, newsletters, written speeches
What is Triangulation?
The basic principle is to test and establish the credibility and validity of your research by using more than 1 strategy.
Data:
using different sources, different time frames
Theoretical:
Using more than one theoretical perspective when interpreting the data
Researcher:
Using more than one researcher to collect or analyze the data
Methodological:
using different methodological techniques
What is action research?
A research that uses theoretical insights to solve practical problems.
The goal is to use theoretical insights to solve real world problems, learn from them and develop new theoretical insights.
What are the characteristics of the action research?
- High practical relevance
- Generate new scientifically relevant insights
- Contribute to organizational change processes
- Knowledge gained through action
- Collaboration: research is done WITH, not just about, an organization
- Context and situation specific
- Action Research is not consultancy
Describe the cycle of action research
- Diagnosis
(i. e. communication issue) - Action Planning
(what insights can help to develop effective strategy?)
3, Taking Action
(intervention)
- Reflecting and Adjusting
- Specifying Learning
What have we learned? Make adjustments and start again
What are the challenges of action research?
- Combining action and research is challenging (sometimes action gets prioritized over research)
- Access to organizations is sometimes difficult to get
- Unclear roles and expectations
- Can be risky because the researcher doesn’t have the full control
- Time Intensive
- Requires a lot of reflection and reflexivity of the researcher
What is a case study?
Case study research uses evidence from organizations to study a phenomenon in a particular context.
Typically used when a researcher wants to gain detailed insight into a particular case or to study a contemporary phenomenon in the real life context
What are the 3 types of case studies?
- Critical
Questioning status quo of the current practices - Interpretative
Understanding the phenomena through the meaning that people assign to them - Positivistic
To test and refine theory in a particular context
What is selective sampling?
Selecting cases based on their information in order to maximize the utility of smalls sample and each case
What are the 4 types of cases?
- Extreme/Unique Case
To obtain information about unusual cases - Paradigmatic Case
a metaphorical or prototypical case that highlights general characteristics of society in question - Maximum Variation Case
Cases differ only on 1 dimension, i.e. compare companies that successfully implemented a flexible work place with those who didn’t. - Common Case (typical example of phenomenon)
to build a theoretical framework that can add to existing literature
