Module 2. 1.2: Biochemistry Flashcards
(266 cards)
1
Q
What are the example of biomolecules
A
Carbohydrates
amino acids
lipid- it is the only monomer, the rest are polymers
protein
2
Q
Class of a heterogeneous group of compounds which are more related by their physical than by their chemical properties
A
Lipids
3
Q
Unique characteristic of lipids
A
Insolubility and invisibility in water
4
Q
What are the classification of lipids
A
Simple lipids
complex lipids
Derived lipids
5
Q
Esters of fatty acids
A
Simple lipids
6
Q
Undergoes hydrolysis to yield fatty acids and alcohol
A
Simple lipids
7
Q
Fatty acid + alcohol =
A
Lipids
8
Q
Example of simple lipids
A
Fats and oil
Wax
9
Q
Yields fatty acid, alcohol and other compounds
A
Complex lipid
10
Q
Example of complex lipod
A
Phospholipid and glycolipid
11
Q
Example of derived lipid
A
Ecosanoid and steroid
12
Q
Formed by metabolic transformation of fatty acid
A
Derived lipid
13
Q
Both fixed oil and fats are
A
Triglycerides
14
Q
Long chain unsaturated fatty acids + glycerol
A
Fixed oils
15
Q
Fix oil can be extracted from
A
Vegetables
16
Q
Fixed oil is__at room temperature
A
Liquid
17
Q
Long chain saturated fatty acids + glycerol
A
Fats
18
Q
Fats can be extracted from
A
Animals
19
Q
Fats is at @__room temperature
A
Solid
20
Q
Long fatty acid chain + high molecular weight alcohol such as ethyl alcohol and stearyl alcohol
A
Wax
21
Q
Waxes is at __ room temperature
A
Always solid
22
Q
What are the types of phospholipids
A
Phosphoglycerides
Phosphosphingoside
23
Q
What are the example or types of phosphoglycerides
A
Lecithin
cephalins
plasmalogens
24
Q
What are the contents of phosphoglycerides
A
Fatty acid
glycerol
phosphate group and
nitrogen compound
25
Aka Phosphatidylcholine
Lecithin
26
It is present in the lungs or surfactant in lungs
Dipalmetoyl lecithin
27
Absence of dipalmetoyl lecithin=
Respiratory distress syndrome specially in newborn
28
In lecithin the removal of one fatty acid through ___ will give rise to___ which is present in a snake venom and is toxic: hemolysis
Lecithinase A
Lysolecithin
29
Triglyceride is also known as
Tri acyl glycero
30
Cephalins is also known as
Phosphatidylethanolamine
31
It is important in blood clotting
Cephalins
32
It resembles a cephalene and lecithin but have an unsaturated ether at carbon 1 instead of esther
Plasmalogens
33
It is found in the membranes of brain and muscles
Plasmalogens
34
Fatty acid+ alcohol+ sphingosine + phosphate group
Phosphosphingoside
34
What are the types of Phosphosphingoside
Spingomyeline
Sphingoglycolipid
35
It is present in the brain and in the nerve tissue
Spingomyeline
35
With carbohydrate often galactose
Sphingoglycolipid
36
The most simplest Sphingoglycolipid with galactose or glucose
Cerebroside and ganglioside
37
Globoside- glucose + galactose
Cerebroside and ganglioside
37
It is the basic unit of Sphingoglycolipid
Ceramides
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They are served as transport vehicle for fat. To transfer one fat from one part of the body to another part of the body
Lipoprotein
39
Four classes of lipoprotein
Chylomicrons
Very low density lipoprotein VLDL
Low density lipoprotein LDL
High density lipoprotein HDL
40
It functions to carry dietary triacyl glycerols TAGs (or triglyceride) from intestines to other tissues such as adipose tissue ( bilbil)
Chylomicrons
41
Chylomicrons is also known as
Ultra low density lipoprotein
42
Carry TAGs - triacyl lycerol from the liver
VLDL
43
It is also known as bad cholestero
LDL
44
It carry cholesterol to peripheral tissue
LDL
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Also known as good cholesterol
HDL
46
Carry cholesterol from peripheral tissues to the liver
HDL
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Also known as good cholesterol
HDL
48
Carry cholesterol from peripheral tissue to the liver, but it brings back the cholesterol to the liver to be utilized further
HDL
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What is the disease that causes the deposition of plate into the lining of the artery
Atherosclerosis
50
It is the structure present in all steroid
Cyclopentanophenanthrene nucleus CPP nucleus
51
It is the most abundant sterol in animal
Cholesterol
52
What are the types of steroids
Sterols /cholesterol
Sex hormones
Bile acids
Vitamin d
Corticosteroid
53
What are the sex hormones in male and female
Testosterone
Progesterone and estrogen
54
It is necessary for the emulsification or solubilization of fats
Bile acids
55
Bile acids example:
Litocholic acid
Deoxycholic acid
Cholic acid
Chenodeoxycolic acid
56
The most potent and it is the final and active form of vitamin d
1, 25 dihydroxycalciferol
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It is secreted by the adrenal medulla
Corticosteroid
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Glucocorticoids is present in
Zona fasciculata
GF
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Glucocorticoids is present in
Zona fasciculata
GF
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Mineralo corticoids is present in
Zona glomerulosa
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Mineralo corticoids is present in
Zona glomerulosa
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What are the derived lipid
Steroids
Ecosanoid
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Aldosterone is responsible for the__ and __
Sodium retention
Vasoconstriction
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Aldosterone is responsible for the__ and __
Sodium retention
Vasoconstriction
65
In glucocorticoid there are _& _
Cortisol
Cortisone
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In glucocorticoid there are _& _
Cortisol
Cortisone
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It increases when stressed or it is the stressed hormone
Cortisol
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It is the natural anti-inflammatory agent
Cortisone
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Cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene ring
Three hexacyclic ring and 1 pentacycilc ring
70
Cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene ring
Three hexacyclic ring and 1 pentacycilc ring
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In cpp ring, carbon 17 attachment
If OH - testosterone
If C=OCH2OH orw acetone -cortisone
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Cholesterol lipid structure is based on a --- ring system, called _
4
Cpp nucleus
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Cholesterol lipid structure is based on a --- ring system, called _
4
Cpp nucleus
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Derived lipids in plants
Fungi
Animals
plants -phytosterol
Fungi- ergosterol
Animals- cholesterol
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Derived lipids in plants
Fungi
Animals
plants -phytosterol
Fungi- ergosterol
Animals- cholesterol
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It has a steroid nucleus
Cholesterol
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The most common of asteroid in human body
Cholesterol
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Is cholesterol an alcohol
Yes because it has an hydroxyl group at position # three
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Is cholesterol unsaturated
Yes because of the presence of a double bond between number five and six at ring b
80
It is the most abundant animal steroid
Cholesterol
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What are the manifestations of addison's disease
Bronze hyperpigmentation of skin
hypoglycemia
change in distribution of body hair
postural hypotension
GI disturbances
WEIGHT LOSS
WEAKNESS
ADRENAL CRISIS
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What are the manifestations of addison's disease
Bronze hyperpigmentation of skin
hypoglycemia
change in distribution of body hair
postural hypotension
GI disturbances
WEIGHT LOSS
WEAKNESS
ADRENAL CRISIS
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What are the manifestations of cushing syndrome
Personality changes
Hyperglycemia
Moon face
Gynecomastia
Osteoporosis
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What is the unique difference of addison's disease and cushing syndrome
Addison's disease is a decrease in corticosteroid so the manifestation is hypo
The fashion syndrome is the increase in corticosteroid so the manifestation is hyper
85
Hydrolysis of lipids means
Addition of water
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Hydrolysis of lipids yield
Fatty acid and alcohol
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It is also known rancidity
Oxidation
88
Continuous heating
Acrolein
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Positive results of acrolein or continuous heating
Black markings in the paper
90
It is also known as acrolein
Propenal
91
Presence of glycerol
Acrolein
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Chemical reaction of saponification
Fatty acids + alkali yields soap
93
Oxidation is the formation of
Rancidity
94
Heating of oils is the formation of
Acrolein or propenal
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What are the types of fatty acid
Saturated and unsaturated
96
It contains only single bonds and sigma bond
Saturated fatty acid
97
Contains double bond and pi bond
Unsaturated FA
98
It has a lower melting point because it is unstable
Unsaturated fatty acid
99
Most table if single ka
Saturated fatty acid is more stable than unsaturated fatty acid
100
It is the Cis form of Unsaturated fatty acid
OLEIC acid
101
It is the TRANS form of unsaturated fatty acid
Elaidic acid
102
Unsaturated fatty acid with double bonds, describe each
POLLA
PALMITOLIC ACID - 16 carbon- (1)
OLEIC ACID- 18 carbons (9)
LINOLEIC ACID- 18 carbons
(9,12)
LINOLENIC ACID - 18 carbons(9,12,15)
ARCHIDONIC ACID- 20 carbon
(5,8,11,14)
103
It is also known as omega 3
Linolenic acid
104
Linoleic acid is also known as
Omega 6
105
It is the essential fatty acid or vitamin f
Linoleic acid linolenic acid
106
What are the saturated fatty acid
B- Butyric C4
C- Caproic C6
C- Caprylic C8
Ca - Capric|C10
La- Lauric C12
Mi - Myristic C14
Pa - palmitic C16
St - stearic C18
Ar - arachidic C20
Be - behennic C22
Li - lignoceric C24
Ce- cerrotic C26
107
What are the functions of essential fatty acid
For proper membrane structure
Precursor or stashing material
108
Deficiency of essential Fatty acid leads to
Skin redness and irritation
Infection
Dehydration
109
It is the precursor or starting material of essential fatty acid
Linoleic acid (18:2) or omega 6
110
What is the precursor of ecosanoid
ARCHIDONIC acid
111
The precursor of a ecosanoid is arachidonic acid but the dietary precursor of ecosanoid is
Linoleic acid (18:2)
112
What is the chemical formula of cholesterol
C27H45O
113
What is the enzyme responsible for the metabolism of Fatty acid (Linoleic acid) two arachidonic acid
Phospholipase A2
114
What are the test for cholesterol
And what is the more correct answer based in pacop
Salkowski test
lieberman Burchard
Salkowski test is more correct
115
Sulfuric acid test for sterol
Salkowski test
116
Two distinct layer in a test tube the upper layer is chloroform gets bluish red to violet color while the layer of sulfuric acid becomes yellow to green
Salkowski test
117
Salkowski test positive result
Two distinct layer in a test tube the upper layer is chloroform gets bluish red to violet color while the layer of sulfuric acid becomes yellow to green
118
Sulfuric acid + acetic anhydride
Liebermann burchard- a test for cholesterol
119
What is the positive result of Liebermann burchard
Formation of green or green blue color
120
osmic test is a test for
Prosthetic groups of lipids
121
Positive results of osmotic test
Red
122
Rosenheim test is a test for
Choline
123
Rosenheim test positive result
Purple ring at the junction of two layers
124
What are the chemical test for lipids
Sa LOR
Salkowski Test
Liebermann Burchard- test
Osmic Test
Rosenheim test
125
What is the enzyme deficient in tay sach disease
Hexosamenidase A
126
What is the enzyme deficient in Gaucher disease
Beta glucosdae/ glucocerebrosidase
127
What is the enzyme deficient in Niemann Pick
Acid spingo myelinase
128
What is the enzyme deficient in Sandhoff
Hexosamenidase A and B
129
What is the enzyme deficient in Fabry
Alpha Galactosidase
130
What is the enzyme deficient in krabbe
Beta galactosidae/ galactosylceramidase
131
Farber enzyme deficient
Ceramidase
132
Deposition of plague in the lining of the artery
Atherosclerosis
133
Decrease in corticosteroid
Addison's disease
134
Increase in corticosteroid
Cushing syndrome
135
It is a polymer of amino acid
Protein
136
It is the building block of protein
Amino acid
137
It functions as a building of new cells maintenance of existing cells and replacement of old cells
Proteins
138
It is an organic molecule containing both carboxyl and amino functional groups only 20 are commonly found in mammalian proteins
Amino acid
139
What are the functional groups present in amino acid
Carboxyl and amino group
140
21st amino acid
Selenocysteine (Sec or U)
141
22nd amino acid
Pyrrolysine (pyr; O)
142
It is directly encoded by stop codon
Pyrrolysine
143
What are the properties of amino acids
Amphoteric
Zwitterionic
Isoelectric point
Chirality or asymmetric carbon
144
It can react as an acid or base
Amphoteric
145
Neutral molecule with positive and negative charges. it is a dipolar molecule
Zwitterionic
146
Ph at which amino acid are electrically neutral or exist with no charge
Isoelectric point
147
It is the only achiral amino acid
Glycine
148
Simplest and smallest amino acid
Glycine
149
Glycine (It is the only achiral amino acid)
Chirality or asymmetric carbon
150
What is the formula for isoelectric point
PI= pKa1 + pKa2/2
151
How is the structure of amino acid
It contains carbon with four different attached groups
- NH2, could react as base
- CooH, could react as acid
- R group, napapalitan
- H group
152
Amino acid structure has a
- carboxyl group
- amino group
-R group
Except for
Glycine
153
Amino acid structure has a
- carboxyl group
- amino group
-R group
All three are bounded to the
Alpha carbon
154
Amino acid structure has a
- carboxyl group
- amino group
-R group
The structure of __ dictates the function of the amino acid in protein
R group
155
Physical properties of amino acid White crystalline soluble in cold water except
Cystine and tyrosine, soluble in hot water
156
Physical properties of amino acid Insoluble in alcohol and ether
Except proline and hydro proline
157
Physical properties of amino acid most are sweet while __ and __
Leucine - tasteless
arginine is bitter
158
Physical properties of amino acid
All are precipitated from their solution by alcohol except
Proline because it is an imino group
159
One Amino acid, does not possesses a chiral carbon because the R group is substituted by H
Glycine
160
_, _, and _and All conserved glycine
Cytochrome c
Myoglobin
Hemoglobin
161
It is the ability of the body to synthesize or produce amino acids
Essential amino acid and nonessential amino acid
162
Nobody can dance on its own
Essential amino acid
163
PVT. TIM HALL amino acid
P PHENYL ALANINE
V VALENE
T TRYPTOPHAN
T THREONINE
I ISOLEUCINE
M METHEONINE
H HISTIDINE
A ARGININE
L LEUCINE
L LYSINE
164
What are the semi essential amino acid
Histidine and arginine
165
What are the classification of amino acid
According to solubility
Based on R- group
166
Amino acid classification according to solubility
Hydrophobic and hydrophilic
167
classification of amino acid according to solubility
What are the contents of hydrophobic
Aliphatic
aromatic
Sulfur containing compound
168
classification of amino acid according to solubility
What are the contents of hydrophilic
Polar or uncharged amino acid
Basic or acidic
169
It is a cyclic amino acid
Inserts a kink in the chain disrupting helical structure
Proline
170
Two chiral carbon
Isoleucine
Threonine
171
Not chiral cytochrome c, myoglobin and hemoglobin
Glycine
172
Isopropyl side chain
Valine
173
Methyl group
Alanine
174
What is the taste of leucine
Tasteless
175
Hydrophobic aromatic amino acid
For Your Winformation
Phenyl allanine
Tyrosine
tryptophan
176
What are the contents of aliphatic
hydrophobic amino acid
LIV with the GAP
BRANCHED
Leucine isoleucine
valine
LINEAR- GAP
GLYCINE ALANINE
PROLINE
177
It is the precursor of Tyrosine
Phenyl alanine
178
179
It is a precursor of catecholamine melanin fumaric acid and thyroid hormone
Tyrosine
180
It is also known as tyrosine
4- hydroxy phenyl alanine
181
Indole ring and it is the precursor of serotonin melatonin and niacin
Tryptophan
182
What are the contents of hydrophobic: sulfur containing amino acid
Methionine cysteine cystine
183
Start amino acid
Methionine
184
Sulfur in form of sulfide royal important in disulfide linkages
Cysteine
185
Dimer of cysteine
Cystine
186
Hydrophilic: Polar uncharged amino acid:
Threonine arginine
Glutamine
Serine
187
Amide of aspartic acid
Asparagine
188
Amide of glutamic acid
Glutamine
189
Looks like alanine with hydroxymethyl group
Serine
190
Hydrophilic: Basic amino acid
HALy
191
Imidazole ring: only amino acid that functions as buffer in physiologic condition
Histidine
192
Most basic amino acid; guanidinium ion
Arginine
193
Diamino acid
Lycine
194
Hydrophilic;
Acidic amino acid
Aspartate glutamate
195
Major excitatory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system
Major inhibitory neurotransmitter
Glutamate
GABA
196
Metabolic classifications of amino acid
Ketogenic glucogenic mixed ketogenic and glucogenic
197
Ketogenic
Leucine
Lycine
198
Glucogenic
All other aa
199
Mix ketogenic and glucogenic
FYW , isoleucine, threonine
Phenyl alanine,
Tyrosine
Tryptophan
200
Linear sequence of amino acid composing a polypeptide or protein which is specified by gene and coding complementary rna that is translated into a protein
Primary structure
201
Band that holds primary structure of protein
Polypeptide
202
Rearrangement of portions of polypeptide chains
Secondary structure of protein
203
This stabilized by hydrogen bonds
Secondary structure of protein
204
The overall shape of a single protein molecule
Tertiary structure
205
Special relationship of secondary structure to one another
Tertiary structure
206
Tertiary structure is stabilized by;
Salt bridges
Hydrogen bonds
Disulfide bonds
SHD
207
Synonymous with the term tertiary structure
Folds
208
Organization of multiple telepeptide chains into functional multi-meric protein
Quaternary structure
209
The bonds linking the quarternary structure are all
Non covalent - HESH
Hydrogen bonds electrostatic or salt bonds and hydrophobic bonds
210
Components of fibrous
CKEF Mut
Collagen keratin elastin fibrinogen
211
Basic unit of collagen
Tropocollagen
212
Most stable fibrous
Keratin
213
Muscle protein is the reaction of
Myosin + Actin= actomycin (muscle contractions)
214
Most abundant protein
Collagen
215
What are the contents of albuminoids
Collagen
Keratin
Elastin
216
Mechanism of action of vitamin c
Hydroxylation of proline and lysine
217
Increases the collagen in the skin
Vitamin c
218
What are the contents of globular proteins
AGCHEPA
Albumin globulin casein hemoglobin enzymes protein hormones antibodies
219
Protein hormones
Insulin
Calcitonin thyroid hormone
220
It is also called antibodies
Immunoglobulins
221
Makeup thousands of different proteins that are generated in the blood serum in reaction to antigens
Antibodies
222
What are the differents antibodies
IgA
IgM
IgG
IgD
IgE
223
Secretary fluids such as tears milk and saliva
IgA
224
Secondary response to antigen; chronic
IgG
225
The only antibody capable of crossing the placenta to give passive immunity to the fetus can be detected during infection because of long half life
IgG
226
Largest acute primary response, the primary one to be secreted during infection
IgM
227
Rare, found in the surface of beta lymphocytes
IgD
228
Hypersens itivity/ allergy, worm, helminths
IgE
229
Soluble in water distilled, salt solution
Albumin
230
Sparingly soluble in water but soluble in solution
Globulins
231
Insoluble in water; soluble in 70% to 80% ethanol and absolute alcohol
Prolamine
232
Soluble in most solvents: soluble in dilute acids and bases
Glutelins
233
Not based upon solubility; small MW with 80% arginine and no cysteine
Protamines
234
Insoluble in water and salt solution
Scleroprotein
235
Simple protein examples
AGG PA HiPro
Albumin
globulin
Glutelins
prolamine
albuminoids
Protamine
236
Reactive group and result of millons test
Phenolic ring of tyrosine
Flesh to red ppt
237
Reactive group and result of biuret test
Peptide linkage
Purple
238
Reactive group and result of Hopkins cole or Glyoxylic acid + sulfuric acid
Indole nucleus (tryptophan)
Violet ring at the junction
239
Reactive group and result of ninhydrin test
Alpha amino acid
Blue color or Ruhemann's purple except proline and hydroxy proline
240
Reactive group and result of
Nitroprusside test and sulivans test
Cysteine
Red color
241
Reactive group and result of SH group ( NaOH, lead acetate
Sulfur group
Methionine
Cysteine
Cystine
Black due to Lead sulfide
242
Reactive group and result of xanthoproteic test ( nitric acid test)
Benzene ring nitration ( FYW)
Yellow to orange
243
Reactive group and result of Molisch test
Glycoprotein
Violet
244
Reactive group and result of sakaguchi test (alpha napthol + NaOCl
Arginine
Red
245
Reactive group and result of paulis test
Histidine
Tyrosine
Red color
246
Reactive group and result of Schiffs test
NH2 of lysine
Pink violet color
247
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250
251
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255
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