Module 2.2 Flashcards
(191 cards)
1
Q
=knowledge of drugs or pharmaceuticals
A
Pharmacognosy
2
Q
Pharmacognosy derived from the Greek word
A
“pharmakon” = drug
“gignosco” = knowledge
3
Q
Pharmacognosy It was first coined/used by__ manuscript “__” published in Vienna __
A
Lehrbuch der Materia Medica
1811
4
Q
Pharmacognosy Introduced by __ in Haale - Saale,
Germany __ in a work entitled “___
A
Che.Aenotheus Seydler,
1815
“Analecta Pharmacognostica
5
Q
Pharmacognosy Embraces a knowledge of the
A
◼ History
◼ Distribution
◼ Cultivation
◼ Collection
◼ Selection
◼ Preparation
6
Q
CLAY TABLETS
A
Babylonians
7
Q
PAPER SCROLLS
A
Egyptians
8
Q
stated a comprehensive scope of Pharmacognosy
as “a simultaneous application of various scientific
disciplines with the object of acquiring knowledge
of drugs from every point of view”
A
Flükiger
9
Q
defined as an applied science that deals with the
biologic, biochemical and economic features of
natural drugs that originate from plants and animal
kingdoms.
A
Flükiger
10
Q
Egyptian medical papyrus of herbal knowledge.
A
Ebers papyrus (1550 BC)
11
Q
oldest and most important medical papyri of ancient
Egypt
purchased at Luxor (Thebes) in the winter of 1873–74 by
Georg Ebers.
A
Ebers papyrus (1550 BC)
12
Q
Contents of Ebers papyrus (1550 BC)
A
HEMLOCK, ACONITE, OPIUM
HAO
13
Q
The oldest surviving complete medical system in the
world.
A
Ayurveda (2500 B.C)
14
Q
Derived from its ancient Sanskrit __
___. – comprehensive outlook to
a healthy life,
A
‘ayur’ (life) and ‘ved’ (knowledge)
15
Q
comprehensive outlook to
a healthy life,
A
Ayurveda (2500 B.C)
16
Q
He prepared famous oath for physicians, which is still taken by the physicians.
A
Hippocrates
17
Q
He is known as father of medicine.
A
Hippocrates
18
Q
A Greek physician who wrote his “De Materia Medica” in 78 A.D
which he described about 600 plants that was known to have
medicinal properties (EBACO)
A
Dioscorides (1st century A.D)
19
Q
Contents of de materia medica
A
EBACO
ALOE, BELLADONNA, COLCHICUM, ERGOT, OPIUM
20
Q
A Greek pharmacist-physician who lived in Rome who described
the method of preparing formulas containing animal and plant drug
A
Galen (131-200 A.D)
21
Q
Joseph Caventou
A
Joseph Caventou Quinine and
Caffeine
22
Q
Pierre Robiquet
A
Pierre Robiquet Codeine
23
Q
Sertuner
A
Morphine
24
Q
Rudolf Brandes
A
Hyoscyamine and Noscapine
25
Rudolf Brandes and Philipp Geiger
Atropine
26
Johannes Buchner
Salicin, Nicotine
27
Carl Koller
Cocaine
28
Albert Hoffman
LSD
29
Medicinal materials
It is synonymous with the substances and products
derived from natural sources and employed by
physicians in the old days
Materia Medica:
30
Are substances whether natural or synthetic, having
therapeutic or medicinal properties and chiefly used
as medicines or an ingredients in medicines
drugs
31
plants that grow in their native countries
Indigenous plant
32
Plants that are grown in a foreign land or in a
locality other than their native home
Naturalized plants-
33
Are whole plants and animals and anatomical parts
Crude drugs
33
Have not undergone any process or treatment other than
collection and drying
Crude drugs
34
Are substances or mixture of substances present in crude drugs
which are separated by various means and are employed in a more specific manner
Derivatives or Extractives
35
Chief principles/constituents
Derivatives or Extractives
35
Extraction Processes:
● Assay
● Boiling/Decoction
● Percolation
● Maceration
36
Alternative to Process
A (EXTRACTION ALTERNATIVE)
PROCESS E –
37
Marc
SOLID
PART;
TO BE
DISCARDED
38
Menstruum
LIQUID PART;
CONTAINS THE
ACTIVE
CONSTITUENTS
39
Solid ingredients are placed in a stoppered
container with the prescribed solvent and
allowed to stand for a period of at least 3 days
in a warm place with frequent agitation
Maceration
“soaking”
40
Maceration with gentle heat
Digestion
41
Use of percolator - slow passage of suitable
solvent through a column of drug
Percolation
42
Boiling in water for 15 minutes
Decoction
43
Maceration in hot or cold water
Infusion
44
Alcohol:
resin
45
Acetone:
chlorophyll
46
Acetic acid:
solanin
47
Hot benzene:
chrysarobin
48
Hexane:
fats
49
Drugs are evaluated by various methods:
Organoleptic Evaluation
Microscopic Evaluation
Physical Evaluation
Instrumental Evaluation
Chemical Evaluation –
50
Makes use of 5 senses (e.g: Color, odor,
taste, sound of materials)
Organoleptic Evaluation
51
– Makes use of microscopic details
Microscopic Evaluation
52
Makes use of Physical Constant (e.g: Specific
gravity, boiling point, refractive index)
Physical Evaluation
53
Makes use of instrument such as
Chromatography / Spectroscopy to determine specific functional
group of natural drugs
Instrumental Evaluation
54
Makes use of Test reagents for chemical
synthesis to identify chemical constituent of natural products
Chemical Evaluation –
55
Determine the effectiveness of the plant
constituent to biological being
Biological Evaluation –
56
Preparation of Drugs for the Commercial Market
◼ Collection
◼ Drying
◼ Garbling
◼ Packaging, Storage and Preservation
57
(small scale)
A process of collecting plants properly in accordance with time of harvesting
and proper handling
Collection:
58
Collection:
Flowers –
Barks –
Root crops –
EXAMPLES:
Flowers – at dawn
Barks – between spring and summer
Root crops – when upper parts are withered
59
Pectin –
Unripe fruits -
Just ripe -
Overripe -
Pectin – citrus fruits
Unripe fruits - protopectin
Just ripe - pectin
Overripe - pectic acid
60
Marijuana Young leaves -
Mature leaves -
Marijuana Young leaves - cannabidiol
Mature leaves - cannabinol (THC)
61
Example of harvesting process
Manual:
*Mechanical
Manual: coffee, digitalis, berries
* Mechanical: apples, oranges
62
Removes sufficient moisture
(prevent enzyme actions, molds and bacterial growth)
Drying:
63
Fixes the constituents
Drying:
64
Drying:
Facilitates __ and _ =
Facilitates grinding and milling = POWDERIZED
65
Converts to more convenient form for commercial handling
Drying:
66
Special drying process that enhances the properties of the active
constituents
Curing:
67
Curing: Examples
Cascara sagrada – _
Vanilla – __
Cascara sagrada – soak in Magnesium oxide for 1 year
Vanilla – pods turn from green to red due to its curing process known as sweating
which releases volatile oil
68
Vanilla – pods turn from green to red due to its curing process known as
Sweating
69
Final step in preparation of a crude drug
Garbling:
70
Removal of extraneous matter (dirt,
adulterants)
Garbling:
71
May increase drug weight, reduce active constituents and subject to
enzymatic activities
Moisture sensitive drugs
72
Simplest method: Expose to temperature of 65°C
Protection of drugs against attacks by insects and other form of destruction
73
Light sensitive drugs
74
Commerce in Crude Drug
Packaging, Storage, Preservation
Moisture sensitive drugs
Protection of drugs against attacks by insects and other form of destruction
75
Protection of drugs against attacks by insects and other form of destruction
Simplest method: Expose to temperature of 65°C
* Use of Methyl bromide (fumigant)
*Add drop of chloroform or CCl4
76
* Warehouse should be dark, cool and well ventilated with dry air
Light sensitive drugs
77
Should be stored in light resistant containers: covered metal bins,
amber bottle, tin cans
Light sensitive drugs
78
Plant Classification
Vegetable drugs can be arranged for the study
under the following
*Alphabetical
*Morphological
*Taxonomical
*Pharmacological/Therapeutics
*Chemical
79
Either Latin or vernacular name may be used
Alphabetical:
80
This arrangement is employed in dictionaries,
pharmacopoeias, etc.
Alphabetical:
81
Although suitable for quick reference it gives no
indication of inter-relationships between drugs
Alphabetical:
82
Drugs are arranged according to their morphological or external
characteristics of the plant part or animal part
Morphological:
83
Which part of the plant is used as drug
Morphological:
84
Morphological
Leaves ()
Flowers ()
Seeds
Rhizomes and roots ()
Leaves (Digitalis, Senna, Belladonna)
Flowers (Clove, Saffron)
Seeds (linseed)
Rhizomes and roots (Ginseng, Rauwolfia)
85
Drugs are arranged to the plants from which they are obtained,
kingdom, subkingdom, division, class, order, family, genus and
species
Taxonomic: PHYLOGENY
86
Types of subclass
Taxonomic: PHYLOGENY
Dicotyledonae (Dicots) – plants with two seed leaves
Monocotyldenae (Monocots) plans with one seed leaf
87
Types of class
Taxonomic: PHYLOGENY
Angiospermae (Angiosperm)- plants that produce
flower
Gymnospermae (Gymnosperm)- plants that do not
produce flower
88
plants that produce
flower
Angiospermae (Angiosperm)
89
plants that do not
produce flower
Gymnospermae (Gymnosperm)
90
plants with two seed leaves
Dicotyledonae (Dicots) –
91
plans with one seed leaf
Monocotyldenae (Monocots)
92
Plants with many botanical features in common
Family
93
Names end in –aceae
Family
94
Divided which group of plants within the family that have
some significant botanical differences
Subfamily
95
Part of the plant name that is most familiar
Ex: Arachis (peanut); Papaver (Poppy)
Genus
96
Grouping of drugs according to pharmacological
action of their most important constituent of their
therapeutic use
Pharmacological / Therapeutic:
97
Plant Classification
Alphabetical
Morphological
Taxonomic: PHYLOGENY
Pharmacological / Therapeutic:
Chemical:
98
Pharmacological / Therapeutic:
Drugs acting in Gastrointestinal Tract
Emetic – Ipecac
Laxative – agar, isabgol,
Purgative- senna, castor oil
99
Crude drugs are classified depending upon the active constituent
Chemical:
100
Plant Classification: Chemical example
Alkaloids-
Glycosides-
Carbohydrates-
Volatile oil-
Resins-
Tannins-
Lipids-
Alkaloids- Cinchona, Datura, Vinca
Glycosides- Senna, Aloe, Ginseng, Digitalis
Carbohydrates- Acacia, Starch, isabgol,
Volatile oil- Clove, Coriander,
Resins- Tolu, Balsam
Tannins- Catechu, tea
Lipids- Beeswax, Lanolin
101
Obtained from direct parts of the plants and
containing cellular tissues
Organized drug
102
obtained from plants by physical processes such
as incision, drying or extraction and does not
contain cellular tissues
Unorganized drug
103
Unorganized drug example
Unorganized drug
Latex–
Dried juice –
extract –
Waxes –
Gums–
Resins–
Volatile oils–
Fats & Fixed oils –
Unorganized drug
Latex– Opium, Papain
Dried juice – Aloe,Kino
Dried extract – Agar, Alginate, Pectin
Waxes – Beeswax, Spermaceti, carnauba wax
Gums– Acacia, Guar gum, Indian gum,
Resins– Asafoetida, Benzoin, Colophony
Volatile oils– Eucalyptus, Camphor, Clove
Fats & Fixed oils – Castor, Arachis, Coconut
104
organized drug Example
Leaves – ,
Barks –
Flower –
Fruits –
Seeds –
Roots –
Leaves – Digitalis, Senna, Tea, Belladona, Spearmint
Barks – Cassia, Cinchona, Cinnamon, Kurchi, Cascara
Flower – Clove, Saffron, Chammomile
Fruits – Capsicum, Lemon peel, Tamarind
Seeds – Psyllium, Biter almond, Nutmeg
Roots – Ipecac, Ginger, Ginseng, Rauwolfia
105
cause chemical changes
in the preparation
Pharmaceutically active
106
responsible for the
therapeutic activity
Pharmacologically active
107
no definite pharmacologic
activity
Inert constituents
108
extracted, crystallized
and purified; presence of inert matter which may
modify or prevent absorbability or potency of AC
Secondary plant substance
109
substitution of a crude drug, in whole or in part, with similarly
looking substance which has lesser or no therapeutic property
ADULTERATION
110
Forms of Adulteration
Sophistication
Admixture
Substitution
Deterioration
Spoilage
Inferiority
111
Poison hemlock is aka
Coniin
111
Galenicals is aka
Galen serate
Cold cream
Petrolatum rose water ointment
112
Stone of immortality acc. to paracelsus
Opium
113
Paracelsus is aka
Philippus Aurelius Theophrastus Bombastus von Hohenheim
114
Old term for doctors
Shammans
115
Beautiful lady is aka
Belladona
116
Standard opium analgesic
Morphine
117
Pregnant mares
Estrogen
118
Stage of development
Ontogeny
119
Mot potent or active in marijuana
Cannabinol or Tetrahydrocannabinol THC
120
It is not potent but fragile
Berries
121
Laxative and extremely bitter
Cascara sagrada
122
Not standard stepin preparation of crude drugs but optional if the plant has dirt
Garbling
123
USP method for preparing syrup
Percolation
124
Interrelation among organisms
Taxonomic/ phylogeny
125
- milk left after separation of cream
SKIMMED MILK-
126
It yields fructose and galactose upon hydrolysis
Lactulose
127
● Bacteria in the colon metabolize the disaccharide
to acetic acid and lactic acid, and sufficient
accumulation of these irritating acids cause a
laxative effect
Lactulose
128
Lactulose
produced by the __ of
lactose
ALKALINE rearrangement
129
Oligosaccharides examples
RAFFINOSE
MALTOTRIOSE
SUCRALOSE
GENTIANOSE
130
● Several glucose units (>10)
Polysaccharides
131
Polysaccharides function
storage and structure
132
Differentiate homoglycan and heteroglycan
HOMOGLYCANS
1 component
Starch
Glycogen
Inulin
Cellulose
HETEROGLYCAN
2 or more component
Gums
Mucilage
133
1st local anesthetic
Cocaine
134
● Produced by the ALKALINE rearrangement of
lactose
Lactulose
135
Brand name of lactulose
Duphalac
136
What is sophistication?
Intentional addition of other components.
137
What is admixture?
Unintentional addition of other components.
138
What is substitution?
Entire replacement of a component.
139
What is deterioration?
Destruction by extremes in the processing of the drug.
140
What is spoilage?
Deterioration due to bacterial or fungal growth.
141
What does inferiority active constituent mean?
Is below the minimum standard.
142
Carbohydrates Polyhydroxy compounds with
Aldehyde or ketone
143
*When milk is allowed to stand a few
hours, the fat globules will rise to the top
CREAM/BUTTER
144
* 1st products of Photosynthesis (Glucose)
Carbohydrates
145
* The most abundant organic molecules in nature
Carbohydrates
146
- skimmed milk with rennin (treatment of rennin)
COAGULUM
147
* - proper treatment of coagulum
CHEESE
148
* - liquid separated from coagulum contains LACTOSE and INORGANIC salts
WHEY
149
Gal + Glu + Fru
RAFFINOSE
150
MALTOTRIOSE components
Glu + Glu + Glu
151
SUCRALOSE components
Glu + Fru + Gal
152
GENTIANOSE
Glu + Glu + Fru
153
RAFFINOSE
Gal + Glu + Fru
154
MALTOTRIOSE
Glu + Glu + Glu
155
SUCRALOSE
Glu + Fru + Gal
156
GENTIANOSE
Glu + Glu + Fru
157
Storage polysaccharide in plants
Starch
158
Uses of starch
Uses:
● tablet filler, binder, and disintegrant
● antidote for iodine poisoning (starch suspension)
● permanent reserved food material in plants
159
Starch polymers
Amylose and amylopectin
160
Differentiate amylose and amylopectin
Amylose
Consists of 250-300 glucose
units
Linear component
Linked by alpha 1,4 bonds
More soluble in water
BLUE
Amylopectin
Consists of 1000 or more
glucose units
Branched component
Linked by alpha 1,4 bonds and
alpha 1,6 bonds
Less soluble in water
VIOLET
161
Prelaration of starch
✔Pregelatinized Starch
✔Sodium Starch Glycolate
✔HETASTARCH:
162
163
164
165
166
167
● Corn -
Zea mays
168
● Potato -
Solanum tuberosum
169
● Wheat -
Triticum aestivum
170
● Rice -
Oryza sativa
171
: mechanical or chemical process to rupture all parts of granules in the presence of water
✔Pregelatinized Starch
172
tablet disintegrant
✔Sodium Starch Glycolate: t
173
Semisynthetic material used as
plasma expander at 6% concentration
✔HETASTARCH:
174
● Glucosan
● Storage polysaccharide in animals
Glucosan
175
● More branched than starch (every 12-15 units)
Glucosan
176
● Stored in the liver and skeletal muscles
Glucosan
177
Glucosan ● Gives _ color with iodine
red
178
● Fructosan
● Linkage B-2,1 bonds
Inulin
179
● Source of inulin
chicory root (Chicorium intybus)
180
● Obtained from the cell sap of the underground
organs of the plants (Asteraceae family)
Inulin
181
● Obtained from the cell sap of the underground
organs of the plants (Asteraceae family)
Inulin
182
Uses of inulin
Improves digestion
○ Component in culture medium
○ Evaluation of renal function (GFR)
183
● Not digested by mammalian enzyme system
because they lack CELLULASE
Cellulose
184
● Most abundant organic matter
Cellulose
185
Male contraceptive
❑Gossypol
186
Uses of Purified Cotton
Textiles, Absorbents in wounds
187
Purified cotton SN
❑Gossypium hirsutum
188
❑Binder and Disintegrant
Powdered Cellulose
