PCOG- Part 2 Flashcards by Robea May Martin

Classification of tannins based on

Goldbeater’s skin test

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Classification of tannins based on Goldbeater’s skin test

Positive tannin which is true tannin (tanning test) there are two, hydrolyzavle and nonhydrolyzable or condensed tannin

Negative tannin (tanning test) which is pseudotannin

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Tannins can precipitate

Proteins
Alkaloid
Glycoside

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Soak a __ in __ ; rinse with __ and
_ in the _ to be _. _
with distilled water and transfer to a _. A _denotes the presence of tannins.

Soak a small piece of goldbeater’s skin in 2%
hydrochloric acid; rinse with distilled water and
place in the solution to be tested for 5 min. Wash
with distilled water and transfer to a 1% solution of
ferrous sulphate. A brown or black colour on the
skin denotes the presence of tannins.

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Differentiate Hydrolyzable and non- Hydrolyzable/ condensed tannins

Pyrogallol Catechol

Bluish black with FeCl3 Greenish black with FeCl3

No precipitate in bromine water because it is completely solluble
+Precipitate in bromine water

Leather type: Bloom Leather ( common leather type)
type: +Tanner’s red

Readily hydrolyzed to yield
phenolic acids and sugars
+When they are treated with hydrolytic
agents, they tend to polymerize
yielding PHLOBAPHENES

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It is the red insoluble compounds

Phlobaphens

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What is the difference between hydrolyzavle tannins and condensed tannins based on OH number

3 OH ni Hydrolyzable

2 OH ni Condensed tannin

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General test for condensed tannin

Matchstick test

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MATCH STICK TEST:
When a match stick is dipped in _
followed by _ & _ The wood of the
matchstick has lignin.
.

MATCH STICK TEST:
When a match stick is dipped in tannin extract
followed by HCl & warmed near a
flame it turns pink in colour. The wood of the
matchstick has lignin.
Upon hydrolysis of the tannins due to HCl,
phloroglucinol is formed which reacts with the
lignin of the wood to produce the pink colour.

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Upon hydrolysis of the tannins due to _ ,
Then what is formed

Tannin
Phroglucinol

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Upon hydrolysis of the tannins due to HCl,
phloroglucinol is formed which reacts with the
_ of the wood to produce the _

lignin
pink colour

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They are compounds of lower molecular weight than
true tannins and they do not respond to the goldbeater’s
skin test

Pseudotannin

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Examples of Pseudotannin

Gallic acid: Rhubarb
Catechins: Guarana, Cocoa
Chlorogenic acid: Mate, Coffee
Ipecacuanhic acid: ipecacuanha

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Nasa GC CI pseudo

Pseudotannin
Gallic acid: Rhubarb
Catechins: Guarana, Cocoa
Chlorogenic acid: Mate, Coffee
Ipecacuanhic acid: ipecacuanha

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Example of tannins

WITCH HAZEL / HAZEL NUT / SNAPPING NUT
Nutgall
Black catechu

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Black catechu

Acacia hundra

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Witch hazel/ hazel nut and snapping nut is from the

leaves of Hammamelis virginiana

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Nutgall is from the

Quercus infectoria (plants) and Cynips tinctoria (insects)

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Sources of Hydrolyzable

Quercus infectoria
Nutgall

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What is the source of condensed tannin

Black catechu

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consists of fixed oils, fats and waxes

Lipids

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Lipids is also known as

Lipins or lipoids

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Differentiate fixed oils, fats and waxes

FO- Long chain unsaturated FA + glycerol

FATS
Long chain saturated FA+ glycerol

WAXES
Long chain FAb+ HMW such as cetyl alcohol and stearyl alcohol

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Liquid at room temperature

Fixed oils

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Solid at room temperature

Fats Waxes

two carboxylic acid groups

Dicarboxylic acids

Oh My Such Good Apple Pie Sweet As Suga

2 Oxalic 7 Pimelic 3 Malonic 8 Suberic 4 Succinic 9 Azelaic 5 Glutaric 10 Sebacic 6 Adipic

USP test for lipids

Acid value Ester Value Saponification value/ Koettsdofer Value Iodine value

Mg of KOH needed to neutralize free FA in 1 gram

Acid value

Mg of KOH needed to saponify esters in 1 gram

Ester value

It is the amount of Acid value - Ester value

Koettsdorfer value or saponification value

Gram of iodine absorbed by 100g of sampel

Iodine value

Example of Non drying and it's iodine value range

Lesser than 100 Olive, almond

Example of semi drying and it's iodine value range

100-120 Cottonseed, sesame

Example of drying and it's iodine value range

Greater than 120 Linseed Cod liver oil

Biological sources of Oil

CPP COP RS CS ACL Coconut oil Palm oil Palm kernel oil Castor oil Olive oil Peanut oil Rapeseed oil Soya oil Cottonseed oil Sesame oil Almond oil Corn oil Linseed oil

Coconut oil part From Family

seed kernels of the coconut palm, Cocos nucifera Linne’ (Fam. Arecaceae)

Palm oil part From Family

freshly part (mesocarp) of the fruit Elaeis guineess (Fam Arecaceae)

Obtained as a minor product during processing of oil palm fruit.

PALM KERNEL OIL

It is obtained from palm kernels after separation, drying and cracking of the shell of the nut.

Palm kernel oil

Palm kernel is obtained through from palm kernels after __of the nut.

separation, drying and cracking of the shell

Castor oil Parts SN Family

ripe seed of Ricinus communis Linne’ (Fam. Euphorbiaceae)

Uses of castor oil

stimulant cathartic at 15- 60 ml emollient effect plasticizer in flexible collodion

is an ingredient in a vaginal jelly for restoration and maintenance for vaginal acidity.

Ricinoleic acid is an ingredient in a vaginal jelly for restoration and maintenance for vaginal acidity.

Olive oil part Sn Family

Fixed oil obtained from the ripe fruit of Olea europea Linne Fam. Oleaceae)

It is sometimes called SWEET OIL

Olive oil

Preparation for olive oil

( cold pressed) Virgin oil

Extracted with less pressure

First Grade virgin olive oil

Pulp in #1 is extracted with more pressure

Second grade virgin olive oil

Extracted with hot water

Techincal Oil

Extracted with S2

Sulfur Grade

Fallen and decomposing

Tournant Oil

Peanut oil Part Sn Family

Ripe fruit or seed of Arachis hypogaea Linne’ (Fam. Fabaceae)

Peanut oil fruit is a true nut? T or F

False The fruit is not a true nut because the immature pod penetrates the soil and ripens underground

is the fixed oil obtained from the seeds of Brassica campestris,

Rapeseed oil

Rapeseed oil Part SN

seeds Brassica campestris,

The oil consists of mixture of triacylglycerols that are rich in unsaturated fatty acid

Rapeseed oil

It consist canla oil

Rapeseed oil

Soybean oil part SN Fam

ripe seed Glycine soja Fam. Fabaceae)

The seeds contain about 35% of carbohydrates, up to 50% of protein substance, up to 20% of the fixed oil, and the enzyme, UREASE

Soybean oil

Soybean oil contains

35% of carbohydrates, up to 50% of protein substance, up to 20% of the fixed oil, UREASE

WULZEN ANTI-STIFFNESS FACTOR

STIGMASTEROL

Use of tannin, Industrially

Industrially: in leather tanning, ink manufacture

Use of tannin medically and in labs

Medicinally: astringent, hemostatic, antidiarrheal, antidote in alkaloid and heavy metals toxicity. In labs: reagent for detection of proteins, alkaloids and heavy metals because of their precipitating properties.

Cottonseed Part SN family

seed of Gossypium hirsutum or of other species of Gossypium (Fam. Malvaceae).

Refined fixed oil, obtained from the seed of cultivated plants of various varieties of Gossypium hirsutum or of other species of Gossypium (Fam. Malvaceae).

Cottonseed oil

Halphen test

Cottonseed oil

is the seed of one or more cultivated varieties of Sesamum indicum Linne’ (Family Pedaliaceae)

SESAMUM SEED OR SESAME SEED

SESAMUM SEED OR SESAME SEED Part SN Family

seed of Sesamum indicum Linne’ (Family Pedaliaceae)

Baudouin test

Sesame oil

Their taste is sweet and oily

Sesame oil

Used as poppy seeds on breads and rolls

Sesame oil

almond oil Part SN Family

ripe seeds Prunus amygdalus (Fam. Rosaceae)

Sweet almond and bitter almond consist of the ripe seeds of the different varieties of Prunus amygdalus (Fam. Rosaceae)

Almond oil

Refined oil obtained from the embryo of the Zea mays (Fam. Poaceae)

Corn oil

Corn oil Part sn Family

embryo Zea mays (Fam. Poaceae)

The oil-rich embryos (Often called )

The oil-rich embryos (Often called GERMS)

GERMS) are separated by a _during the preparation of_

FLOTATION CORN STARCH.

Also called Flaxseed oil

Linseed oil

A fixed oil obtained from the dried, ripe seed of Linum usitatissimum Linne’ ( Fam. Linaceae)

Linseed oil

Linseed oil Part Sn Family

dried, ripe seed Linum usitatissimum Linne’ ( Fam. Linaceae)

Biological sources of fats

1. Cod liver oil 2. Fats and related coumpounds ( theobroma oil, lanolin ( hydrous wool fat), undecylenic acid 3. Waxes ( spermaceti, jojoba oil, beeswax/ yellow wax, carnuba wax)

From the fresh livers Gadus morrhua Linne’

Cod liver oil

Cod liver oil Active constituent-

Myristic and palmitic acid

Cod liver oil uses

Sources of Vit. A and D

Sclerosing agent

Sodium morrhuate

Indicated for varicose veins

Sodium morrhuate

Also known as sweet oil

Olive oil

Test for olive oil

Millions test

Also knwon as arachis oil

Peanut oil

Also kneon as benene oil

Sesame oil

Goldbeater's skin is a membrane prepared from the __and behaves similarly to an__

intestine of the ox untanned hide.

Give example of phenolic acids

Gallic acid or gallo tannins And ellagic acid or ellagic tannin

Why does matchstick test hydrolyzed?

Because of HCl

Lignin reacts with the phroglucinol to form

Pink color

Agalalal ni rhubea

Gallic acid: Rhubarb

Cat naguara ka cocoan ka man

Catechins: Guarana, Cocoa

Ma'am chlor, mate co

Chlorogenic acid: Mate, Coffee

Black chuna acacia

Black catechu - acacica chundra

Fa + alcohol=

Lipids

Examples of lipids

FIXED OILS fats Waxes

Food for the gods

Theobroma oil

Wool of ovis aries

Lanolin

From castor oil

Undecylenic acid

Undecylic acid is used as

Antifungal

Example of undecylenic acid

Caldesene

Caldesene is used for ( indicated for)

Diaper rash

Example of waxes

Spermaceti Jojoba oil Beeswax/ yellow wax Carnuba wax

Waxes refers to High molecular weight alcohol; in plants: ___

protection from penetration and loss of water

Physeter macrocephalus

Head of sperm whale

cetyl ester wax

Synthetic spermaceti

Seed of Simmondsia chinensis

Jojoba Oil

Components of Spermaceti

Head of sperm whale Synthetic spermaceti

Honeycomb of bees

Beeswax or Yellow wax

Stiffening agent in plasters and cerates

Beeswax or Yellow wax

“white wax” bleached yellow wax

Beeswax or Yellow wax

Leaves of Copernicia prunifera

Carnauba wax

commonly used to designate basic heterocyclic nitrogenous compounds of plant origin that are physiologically active

Alkaloid

Families rich in alkaloid

Rubiaceae Apocynaceae Papaveraceae Solanaceae RAPS

FAMILIES FREE OF ALKALOID

Rosaceae (Rose Family) * Lamiacea/Labiatae (Mint Family

Most of the alkaloids are _ although a few are amorphous.

crystalline solids,

Alkaloids are crustalline solids however, what are the excemption?

CANS Coniine Arecoline Nicotine Sparteine

PCOG- Part 2 Flashcards

(165 cards)