Module 2 Flashcards
(102 cards)
1
Q
what is the purpose of blood
A
transport nutrients
2
Q
how much does blood represent in our bodyweight
A
7-8%
3
Q
what is hematocrit
A
percentage of blood that are cells, percent by volume
4
Q
average volume of blood in women
A
5 L, 42% hematocrit
5
Q
average volume of blood in men
A
5.5L, 45% hematocrit
6
Q
what does the centrifuge do
A
separates components of blood
top is plasma
bottom is formed blood
7
Q
what are the three types of cellular elements suspended in plasma
A
erythrocytes
leukocytes
platelets
8
Q
what are erythrocytes
A
red blood cells, important in O2 transport
9
Q
what are leukocytes
A
white blood cells, immune system’s mobile defence units
10
Q
what are platelets
A
cell fragments, important for hemostasis and for blood clots
11
Q
what are the blood’s physiological roles
A
carry
regulate
protect
12
Q
what happens when core temperature drops
A
cardiovascular system will leave the blood and go to the core and the brain
13
Q
what does plasma contain
A
water, electrolytes, nutrients, waste, gases, hormones
14
Q
what is plasma proteins
A
exert osmotic effect
buffers pH changes
distributes ECF between vascular and interstitial compartments
15
Q
what are albumins
A
transport substances, contribute most to colloid osmotic pressure
non specific
16
Q
what happens when you have low albumins
A
water leaves the blood and goes to ECF. Skin gets puffy
17
Q
What are globulins
A
Specific. it has 3 types. Alpha, beta and gamma. Alpha and beta transport water soluble substances
Gamma are antibodies
18
Q
What are fibrinogen
A
it’s its own protein. An inactive precursor for a clot’s fibrin meshwork
19
Q
what are the functions of plasma proteins
A
dispersed as colloid
buffer protons
doesn’t diffuse through capillary wall because of size
partially responsible for plasma’s capacity to buffer changes in pH
all synthesized by liver except the gamma globulins
20
Q
what produces gamma globulins
A
lymphocytes
21
Q
what are erythrocytes
A
red blood cells with concave discs that provides larger surface area to diffuse O2 across membrane
22
Q
what is the primary role of hemoglobin
A
carry O2, each molecule can transport 4 o2 molecules
23
Q
does heme only bind with O2
A
no. can bind with other stuff such as Co2, CO, NO2, acidic hydrogen ion portion of ionized carbonic acid
24
Q
what does mature erythrocytes not have
A
nucleus, organelles, or ribosomes
25
what enzymes do mature erythrocytes have
glycolytic enzymes, carbonic anhydrase
26
what are glycolytic enzymes
generate energy to fuel active transport mechanisms to maintain proper ionic concentrations within cell
relies on glycolysis
27
what are carbonic anhydrase
they are enzymes that help with CO2 transport
28
what are erythropoiesis
new cells that are produced to replenish dying cells because red blood cells can't divide
29
describe the process of erythropoiesis
pluripotent stem cells -> myleoid stem cells -> erythroblast -> reticulocyte -> erythrocyte
30
what can pluripoten cells do
has the potential to go into different stem types
31
which process in erythropoiesis is where the cell is committed to its lineage
myeloid stem cell
32
where does erythropoeisis occur
red bone marrow
33
what detects lack of oxygen in blood
kidneys
34
what does kidneys do after detection
releases erythropoietin, simulate bone marrow and start erythropoiesis to increase O2 carrying capacity
35
are all proteins antigens
no
36
are all antigens proteins
yes
37
what are antigens
large, complex molecule that triggers a specific immune response against itself when it gains entry to body
38
what antigen and antibody does Blood Type A have
Antigen - A
Antibody - B
39
what antigen and antibody does Blood Type AB have
Antigens - A and B
Antibody - none
40
what antigen and antibody does Blood Type B have
Antigens - B
Antibody - A
41
what antigen and antibody does Blood Type O have
Antigens - none
Antibody - A and B
42
what happens if you transfuse the wrong blood
white blood cells go and clump in capillaries when antibodies in red blood cells are labelled to be destroyed, which will lead to symptoms like stroke
43
what is the Rhesus blood type
it is a CDE system that contains 50 antigens in 5 major antigen groups (C,c,D,E,e)
44
what does the d antigen stand for
people that lack the Rh factor
45
which antigen is commonly found
Rh D antigen
46
what happens if you don't have D antigen
you don't have antibodies against Rh factor
47
what are leukocytes
white blood cells that are the body immunes system
colourless (lack hemoglobin)
48
functions of leukocytes
defend, clean up, wound healing and tissue repair, and identifies and destroys cancer cells
49
5 major different types of circulating leukocytes
neutrophils
eosinophils
basophils
monocytes
lymphocytes
50
what are granulocytes
they are cells that contain granules (can see dots)
51
what consists 60-70% in leukocytes
neutrophils
52
what are neutrophils
phagocytic specialists and that engulfs and destroys bacteria intracellularly
releases web of extracellular fibers called neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) that has bacteria killing chemicals
53
which are polymorphonuclear granulocytes
eosinophils, basophils
54
what are polymorphonuclear granulocytes
multiple nucleus granulocytes
55
what are mononuclear granulocytes
one nucleus granulocytes
56
what are eosinophils
kills antibody coated parasites through release of granule contents
57
what are basophils
chemotactic factor production
it synthesizes and stores histamine and heparin
58
what is histamine
chemical that is released in allergic reactions
59
what is heparin
speeds up removal of fat particles from blood after fatty meal
60
what are mononulcear cells
agranular but has a granule that isn't visible
lives for several months to years
it can die earlier if they continue to perform phagocytosis
61
what is the precursor to macrophages
monocytes
62
who are the first to sense invading microorganisms
macrophages
63
what are cytokines
warning agents for the body that there are invading microorganisms
64
what are two types of lymphocytes
large granular lymphocytes (natural killer cells)
small lymphocytes (adaptive immune response)
65
what are natural killer cells
in the innate response
releases lytic granules to kill infected cells
produce cytokines to prevent virus from infecting
66
what are small lymphocytes
in the adaptive response
produces cytokine and antibodies, recognizes antigen and memorizes virus, and cytotoxicity
67
what are the types of small lymphocytes
B lymphocytes and T lymphocytes
68
what are B lymphocytes
produces antibodies to fight foreign substance. has humoral (blood) immunity
69
what are T lymphocytes
no antibodies
binds and kills target cells by releasing chemical to punch holes in victim cell
binds antigen to kill infected cells
70
what is immunity
body's ability to protect itself by resisting or eliminating foreign invaders or abnormal cells
71
what are the immune system activities
defend against pathogens
remove worn out cells and tissues
identify and destroy abnormal and mutant cell originated in body
72
what are the external defenses
mechanical, chemical, microbiological
73
what are the mechanical defenses
epithelial cells joined by tight junctions
74
what are the chemical defenses
antimicrobial peptides
75
what are the microbiological defenses
normal microbiota
76
what are the internal tissues
lymphoid tissues
77
what tissues produce, store and process lymphocytes
bone marrow
thymus
lymph nodes
spleen
tonsils
adenoids
apendix
gut associated lymphoid tissue (Galt)
78
what does the spleen do
resident macrophages removes microbes and debris, worn out red blood cells from blood
79
what is the innate response
born with it, doesn't need to learn, non selective
first line of defense
80
what are the defenses in innate response
inflammation, interferons, NK cells, complement system, dendritic cells
81
what is adaptive responses
not born with, adapted by infection, selective
82
what happens in inflammation
recruits phagocytes to injured or invaded area
isolate, destroy, or inactivate invaders
remove debris
heal and repair
83
what is endogenous pyrogen
induces fever in body
activates hypothalamus to increase systemic heat
84
what do cytokines do
trigger natural self destruct pathways
endogenous pyrogen
decrease plasma concentration of iron
stimulate release of acute phase proteins in liver
trigger clotting and anticlotting systems
85
what is the ultimate goal of innate immunity
tissue repair
86
what happens to non regenerative tissue in innate immunity
because it is hard to replace, cytokines activate fibroblasts to lay down collagen to hold the tissue together, hence the scar
87
what happens if someone has prolonged, unwanted, chronic inflammation
can lead to chronic diseases and autoimmune disorders because your body is always in inflammation
88
what is the complement system
complement proteins remove the ability of what goes in and out of a pathogen's plasma membrane, leading to to no equilibrium and killing the pathogen
89
what are the mechanisms of activation in the complement system
spontaneous activation on microbial surfaces
binding to carb chains present on surfaces of microorganisms (not on human cells)
activated by antibody binding to antigens on pathogens
90
how does complement system cause destruction of pathogens
forms membrane attack complexes (MACs) that punches holes in pathogen
opsonization
91
what is opsonization
enhances uptake of pathogen by phagocytes
92
what are dendritic cells
star shaped cells that resides in tissues
it drinks fluid in interstitial state, scans for pathogens, breaks pathogens down to present to T cells
acts as antigen presenting cells (APC)
93
when are T cells activated
when they see mature dendritic cell in lymph nodes
94
what are t lymphocytes
cells that binds to antigens and releases chemicals to kill targeted cells
carries out cell mediated immunity
95
how do T cells kill foreign cells
binds to foreign antigens and activates to kill it
t cell receptors takes the foreign peptide fragment that's bound to self proteins (Major Histocompatibility complex)
96
two classes of adaptive immunity
antibody (b cells)
cell mediated immunity (t cells)
97
what are antigens
large, foreign, unique complex molecules that induces immune response against itself
mostly protein
98
what is clonal selection
lymphocytes with receptors that recognize specific antigens will proliferate (increase in numbers)
99
what does adaptive immunity achieve
it achieves immunological memory towards a foreign antigen and provides protective immunity against it
100
how does your body make an immunological memory
b cells are specific to antigens
b cells will proliferate plasma cells and bring those antibodies in the rough ER to put into memory
101
what are b lymphocytes
bind and block virus to invade or proliferate
recruits macrophage by tagging pathogens
102
what are the functions of antibodies
activate complement system
neutralization
opsonization
