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Human Physiology 1 > Module 3 > Flashcards

Module 3 Flashcards

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1
Q

membrane potential

A

difference between the total charge inside and outside of a cell
ion movement

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2
Q

electrical neutrality

A

equal number of negative and positive charges on both sides -> no potential

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3
Q

what factors determine the movement of ions across membranes

A

concentration gradient
electrical gradient
membrane permeability
electrochemical gradient ( concentration + electrical gradients)

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4
Q

what direction does neutrality moves

A

high to low

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5
Q

factors of membrane potential

A

separation of charge across a membrane
ion concentration (numbers of cations and anions in ICF and ECF)
membrane permeability

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6
Q

when is a membrane potential is generated

A

when electrical forces are unequal

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7
Q

Which ion has a high concentration at ECF

A

Na+

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8
Q

which ion has a high concentration at ICF

A

K+

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9
Q

what are excitable cells

A

nerve cells or muscle cells that produce rapid and transient change in their resting membrane potential when excited

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10
Q

what happens when a electrical signal is being sent

A

sodium goes in the cell, potassium goes out

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11
Q

what is the equilibrium potential of K+

A

-90mV

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12
Q

what is the equilibrium potential of Na+

A

+60mV

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13
Q

what is the threshold potential to activate action potential

A

-55mV

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14
Q

graded potential

A

short distance signals
allows sodium in the cell to initiate a spark
makes inside more positive and diffuse

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15
Q

principles of neural communication

A

neural cells does neural communication by receiving a signal, initiate/ elaborate a message and transmit a message

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16
Q

polarization

A

charges are separated across the membrane
there is membrane potential

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17
Q

depolarization

A

reduction in the magnitude of the negative potential
membrane is less polarized than under resting conditions
less charges are separated
positive charge going up

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18
Q

repolarizatioin

A

polarizes back after depolarization event
return to resting potential

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19
Q

hyperpolarization

A

increase in magnitude of the negative potential
membrane is more polarized under resting conditions
downward movement
more charges are separated across membrane

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20
Q

action potential

A

long distances
singular part of a time, local
brief, rapid, large amplitude
inside becomes more positive than the outside

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21
Q

triggering event

A

temporarily depolarized region = active area

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22
Q

what happens at threshold potential

A

Na+ gated channel opens and increases Na+ permeability which results in Na+ influx
increase positive charge in the cell

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23
Q

how do Na+ channels close

A

Na+ channels open fast and close fast
when opened rapidly, it initiate the closing process but closing process is 0.5msec slower than when it opens
the channel stays close until it’s back to resting value

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24
Q

how do you bring action potential back to resting potential

A

allow K+ out of hte cell

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25
why can't action potential hit above +30mV
Na+ closes and we're letting positivity out (k+)
26
what happens in each heartbeat
arterial pressure allows sodium in and enough of it will create a spike
27
refractory period
cannot have another action potential after one has happened
28
absolute refractory period
period where another action potential cannot happen Na+ channels are just opened or inactivated stimulus given cannot create another action potential
29
relative refractory period
second action potential can be generated if stimulus is stronger than usual
30
what restores the balance after action potential occurs
ATPase pump it pumps out 3 Na+ and 2K+ in to balance the ICF and ECF restores electrical gradient during resting potential
31
dendrites
long extensions of membrane, receives the stimuli and neurotransmitters
32
what are the generated graded potentials
input zone, trigger zone, conducting zone, output zone
33
input zone
located in dendrites and cell body part where incoming signals from other neurons are received
34
trigger zone
located in axon hillock where action potential is initiated highest density of voltage- gated Na+ channels
35
conducting zone
located in axon conducts action potentials over long distances
36
output zone
located in axon terminals releases a neurotransmitter that influences other cells
37
how does action potential propagate
contiguous conduction saltatory conduction
38
contiguous conduction
propagation of action potential along every patch of membrane down to the axon
39
saltatory conduction
relevant to myelinated fibres covered by myelin at regular intervals along the length of the axon electrical impulse jumps from node to node
40
what is myeline made of
80% phospholipids and 20% proteins = insulator laid down schwann cells and oligodendrocyte occurs in 1mm chunks
41
synapses
excitatory neurons junction between axon terminals from pre synaptic neuron and dendrites from post synaptic neuron
42
types of synapses
chemical electrical
43
electrical synapses
physical connections, pre and post synaptic cells are joined through gap junctions
44
what is the process of chemical synapses
action is propagated to the terminal of presynaptic neuron Ca2+ gated channels open and enter the synaptic knob in the presynaptic terminal. this triggers teh fusion of synaptic vesicles to release neurotransmitters neurotransmitter is released by exocytosis into the synaptic cleft neurotransmitter binds to receptor sites on postsynaptic neuron specific ion channels open in the subsynaptic membrane
45
why is synaptic cleft curved like a bowl
increase the surface area to fit more neurotransmitter on the cleft more neurotransmitters will increase potential to influence the next neurotransmitter
46
what are snares
snares are proteins that mediate vesicle fusion. it fuses when calcium binds to synapototagmine and it will move vesicles to the membrane to exocytose
47
types of subsynaptic receptors
ionotropic receptors metabotropic receptors
48
ionotropic receptors
receptor itself can be an ion channel
49
metabotropic receptors
receptor indirectly acts on an ion channel
50
what do metabotropic receptors do
neurotransmitters can bind to G protein and they communicate to an ion channel
51
what are ligand gated channels
channels that chemically gated channels that allow two or more ions to pass the membrane of the channel pore
52
excitatory synapses
synapse where action potential in presynaptic neuron increases the probability of action potential in postsynaptic neuron postsynaptic response in neurotransmitter is depolarization
53
EPSP
slight depolarization graded potential that will have a gradual decrease spread along local current
54
Inhibitory synapses
K+ and Cl- channels can open postsynaptic neuron that decreases the chance of getting action potential
55
IPSP
hyperpolarize membrane by increasing permeability to K+ and Cl-
56
what is the eqilibrium potential of Cl-
-65m/v
57
what happens when neurotransmitter activate IPSP
K+ and Cl- move down their concentration gradient (K+ out, Cl- in) K+ moves out because equilibrium is -90mV so it wants to make inside more negative Cl- moves in because of concentration gradient (move out to in) is greater than electrical gradient which causes hyperpolarization
58
can Cl- be both inhibitory and excitatory
yes inhibitory - through IPSP, it hyperpolarize by going in cell via active transport excitatory - through EPSP, it depolarize by moving out the cell via active transport
59
example of Cl- inhibiting neurons
tick medications for pets inhibit active Cl- transport to interfere with neural function tick meds target chloride transporters
60
what happens if neurons don't have active transport for Cl-
passive transport naturally, Cl- will try to go inside cell Cl- will move whatever direction that will bring cell to -70mV the movement of Cl- helps stabilize membrane potential from reaching threshold from leaky ions
61
synaptic delay
reaction depends on factors of synapses (time to get action potential, how long the neuron is, time at synapse)
62
why does synaptic delay happen
it sends an electrical signal from presynaptic neuron and chemically converts through neurotransmitter receptor combination, and post sypnatic neuron will receive that electrical signal
63
what is the synaptic delay time
0.5-1msec for 1 synapse
64
what happens if the neurotransmitter stays bound to the receptor
altered permeability will persist (ipsp, epsp)
65
what is transient event
it's the binding that could not reset a neuron for a new signal
66
what happens when the neurotransmitters are removed from the cleft
number of occupied receptors will decrease
67
steps of neurotransmitter removal
1. reuptake 2. diffuse away from receptor site and cleft 3. enzymatically transformed into inactive substances
68
reuptake
actively transported back into the presynaptic axon terminal
69
what is synaptic integration
sum of hte grand post synaptic potential
70
what is the grand postsynaptic potential (GPSP)
sum of IPSP and EPSP
71
temporal summation
enough excitatory synapses fire rapidly will increase membrane potential firing at the same time will never increase the membrane potential
72
spatial summation
electrode will detect twice the positivity sodium accumulation can lead to action potential firing multiple synapses or fire synapses faster will achieve this
73
what is presynaptic inhibition
influences the axon axon response by inputting inhibitory neuron, making it less likely to fire action potential
74
central nervous system
brain and spinal cord no nerves receives input (PNS) and makes decision
75
peripheral nervous system (PNS)
nerve fibres highway that receives the signals connection between the CNS and effectors/ receptors located in other parts of the body
76
afferent
enter PNS from receptor to CNS
77
efferent
exit PNS carried out from CNS to muscles/ glands (effectors)
78
efferent division of PNS
Somatic and autonomic nervous systems
79
what are interneurons
it is neurons that link between afferent and efferent systems integrates peripheral response to peripheral information sensory receptor is temperature and touch sensitive

Human Physiology 1 (3 decks)

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