Module 2

Question 1

What is a monoploid?

Answer 1

One copy of the genome

Question 2

What is diploid?

Answer 2

Twi copies of the genome

Question 3

What is haploid?

Answer 3

Number of chromosomes in sperm and egg

Question 4

What is a prototrophs?

Answer 4

Bacteria that produce everything it needs to live

Question 5

What is auxotroph?

Answer 5

Mutant bacteria that requires additional needs

Question 6

How do bacteria swap DNA?

Answer 6

Transformation, conjugations, transduction and horizontal tranfer

Question 7

What is transformation?

Answer 7

one bacterium takes up DNA expelled from a dead bacterium

Question 8

What is conjugation?

Answer 8

direct transfer of a DNA strand from one bacterium to anotherWh

Question 9

What is transduction?

Answer 9

virus transfers bacterial genes from one bacterium to another

Question 10

What is horizontal transfer?

Answer 10

DNA is transferred between two different bacteria

Question 11

How did they figure out transformation of DNA?

Answer 11

Deadly bacteria added to mice (kills mice, heat-killed added (alive), good bacteria added (alive) and then heatkilled bad and alive good (mouse died)

Question 12

How did they determine that DNA was the cause of the swap?

Answer 12

Heatkilled and bacteria and DNAase and RNAase etc added together. To see what colonies grow.

Question 13

How did they discover conjugation?

Answer 13

Two rich cultures, placed onto minimal medium, no growth. When incubated together, growth. DNA was swapped.

Question 14

How does conjugation occur?

Answer 14

Homologous recombination

Question 15

How do viruses reproduce?

Answer 15

Have to infect living host

Question 16

What is the life cycle of bacteriophage T4?

Answer 16

Injects DNA into cell, synthesis begins, replication begin and host cell degrades, tails , heads appear and then breaks out of cell.

Question 17

How was transduction discovered?

Answer 17

Two cultures were placed on minimal media, didn’t expect anything, some grew, transfer was unidirectional

Question 18

What is the difference between specialised and generalised transduction?

Answer 18

Generalised is caused by phage DNA and specialized is caused by DNA shared between bacteria that already had phage DNA.

Question 19

How to distinguish 3 parasexual using a u-tube?

Question 20

Difference between lytic and lysogenic?

Answer 20

Lytic creates many bacteriophage lambda which results in them being released into the cell, lysogenic bacteriophage lambda is incorporated into the cell DNA via site-specific recombination. They can switch any time.

Question 21

How does site-specific recombination work?

Answer 21

bacteriophage lambda breaks both DNA circular and straight bacteria creating an X, This results in the genes linking and X leaving.

Question 22

U-tube experiment: is cell contact required for transformation, conjugation or transduction?

Answer 22

No, yes, no

Question 23

U-tube experiment: is it sensitive to DNAase: transformation, conjugation or transduction?

Answer 23

yes, no, no

Question 24

How does bacteriophage lambda DNA remove itself from DNA to create circular DNA?

Answer 24

attBP genes line up, creating a loop still connected to the bacterial DNA, circular breaks off the create phages to infect other cells.

Question 25

How can bacteria DNA can be swapped via phages?q

Answer 25

When circular DNA is trying to remove itself, the loop can incorporate some DNA which can be incorporated in the next cell during site-specific recombination.

Question 26

What are the three types of transposition and how do they do it?

Answer 26

Cut and paste (self-explanatory), transposition (mRNA to DNA) replication (replicated and inseted into new spot)

Question 27

Can transposition occur in bacteria?

Answer 27

No

Question 28

What are the IS elements?

Answer 28

Terminal inverted repeats q

Question 29

How is DNA inserted during transposition?

Answer 29

DNA is cleaved, DNA inserted and filled creating duplicate of the target site.

Question 30

How can transposition near each other create drug resistance (composite transposition?

Answer 30

IS elements are near each other, DNA is moved and inserted/

Question 31

What are tn3 elements?

Answer 31

Larger than IS elements, multiple of them and create replicative transpose.

Question 32

What does conjugative R plasmid?

Answer 32

Create antibiotic resistance through conjugative transfer